Table 2.
Mixed model comparisons between sleep restriction and control sleep on primary and secondary outcomes.
| Acclimation | Experimental | Recovery | Adjusted Between- condition Differencein Changes from Acclimation to Experimental 95% CI)a |
P- value |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Sleep Restriction |
Control Sleep | Sleep Restriction |
Control Sleep | Sleep Restriction |
Control Sleep | ||
| Sleep | ||||||||
| 24-hr TST, min | 485.7 (33.0) | 498.3 (31.2) | 256.1 (26.6) | 480.1 (29.1) | 526.4 (29.5) | 479.8 (22.5) | −211.4 (−224.4, −198.5) | <0.001 |
| Energy Intake | ||||||||
| Calorie, Kcal/day | 2673.7 (681.7) | 2724.6 (793.9) | 3135.5 (917.0) | 2878.4 (860.6) | 2753.9 (807.0) | 2674.4 (940.5) | 308.1 (59.2, 556.8) | 0.015 |
| Protein, gr/day | 100.5 (36.7) | 106.2 (33.6) | 114.2 (43.0) | 109.1 (43) | 95.2 (39.0) | 101.8 (38.1) | 10.9 (0.0, 21.7) | 0.050 |
| Fat, gr/day | 98.9 (32.6) | 98.9 (37.6) | 116.2 (41.0) | 102.7 (36.0) | 103.3 (28.9) | 96.8 (41.4) | 13.5 (0.3, 26.8) | 0.046 |
| Carbohydrate, gr/day | 354.4 (92.2) | 359.5 (113.8) | 418.9 (119.1) | 389.2 (120.2) | 367.3 (112.3) | 354.6 (122.5) | 34.9 (−1.9, 71.6) | 0.063 |
| Sodium, mg/day | 3360.5 (2645.6, 4892.9) | 3707.5 (2554.1, 4841.1) | 4113.0 (3085.3, 5706.9) | 3834.5(2897.0, 5287.0) | 3660.4(2410.3, 4571.8) | 3713.8(2676.6, 4488.5) | 510.0 (57.9, 962.1) | 0.027 |
| Energy Expenditure | ||||||||
| BMR, Kcal/hr | 62.8 (7.9) | 62.0 (9.6) | 63.5 (11.0) | 65.4 (9.6) | 61.2 (9.6) | 63.4 (10.9) | −2.7 (−6.9, 1.5) | 0.208 |
| TEF, Kcal/hr | 58.9 (40.3, 80.7) | 54.9 (39.7, 68.1) | 61.9 (39.2, 96.8) | 42.2 (29.3, 55.9) | 59.2 (54.0, 99.1) | 57.8 (40.2, 79.2) | 16.7 (−6.7, 40.0) | 0.157 |
| Total acceleration, au | 11607.1 (1508.1) | 12304.9 (3506.2) | 11190.3 (2470.4) | 11167.9 (3001.3) | 11114.1 (2329.4) | 11175.8 (2721.8) | 720.2 (−653.7, 2094.1) | 0.297 |
| Sitting, Kcal/hr | 70.4 (55.7, 84.3) | 60.4 (51.9, 68.3) | 71.2 (57.6, 78.2) | 66.9 (53.8, 77.7) | 68.9 (54.0 −77.9) | 70.1 (52.7 −77.3) | −1.1 (−18.1, 15.9) | 0.895 |
| Standing, Kcal/hr | 71.9 (56.3, 92.1) | 67.4 (52.6, 75.6) | 73.3 (60.9, 84.0) | 71.3 (55.6, 81.9) | 74.1 (55.1, 86.0) | 72.8 (55.9, 84.3) | −2.1 (−20.8, 16.5) | 0.819 |
| Walking 1 mph, Kcal/hr | 167.7 (39.8) | 150.2 (33.8) | 168.1 (39.0) | 158.8 (35.8) | 160.9 (43.4) | 164.5 (49.2) | −6.7 (−28.9, 15.5) | 0.546 |
| Walking 2 mph, Kcal/hr | 221.4 (53.4) | 208.5 (47.7) | 237.8 (61.1) | 216.6 (45.8) | 223.0 (58.9) | 223.2 (63.6) | 8.7 (−18.0, 35.3) | 0.516 |
| Walking 3 mph, Kcal/hr | 299.5 (79.0) | 294.6 (64.6) | 319.2 (85.2) | 303.0 (66.0) | 314.4 (84.2) | 309.4 (80.3) | 13.5 (−20.5, 47.5) | 0.428 |
| Body Composition | ||||||||
| Weight, kg | 75.2 (14.8) | 73.8 (13.3) | 76.4 (15.0) | 74.5 (14.0) | 76.7 (15.8) | 74.6 (14.4) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.008 |
| Total body fat, % | 28.6 (6.2) | 27.8 (6.6) | 28.6 (6.0) | 28.1 (6.6) | 29.4 (6.3) | 28.7 (6.8) | −0.3 (−0.9, 0.3) | 0.312 |
| Total fat mass, kg | 21.3 (5.3) | 20.3 (5.7) | 21.7 (5.2) | 20.8 (5.8) | 22.2 (5.7) | 21.1 (6.1) | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.5) | 0.710 |
| Total lean mass, kg | 51.1 (12.0) | 50.7 (11.2) | 52.0 (11.9) | 50.9 (11.1) | 51.0 (11.7) | 50.2 (11.6) | 0.6 (−0.2, 1.5) | 0.138 |
| Android fat mass, lbm | 3.82 (1.34) | 3.46 (1.60) | 3.93 (1.37) | 3.59 (1.65) | 4.00 (1.54) | 3.69 (1.82) | −0.03 (−0.22, 0.17) | 0.782 |
| Subcutaneous fat, cm2 | 162.1 (69.1) | 151.7 (71.1) | 175.4 (70.5) | 157.6 (73.3) | 175.8 (74.3) | 163.3 (76.7) | 7.4 (0.1, 14.6) | 0.047 |
| Visceral fat, cm2 | 69.8 (24.0) | 75.2 (35.4) | 77.5 (30.4) | 75.2 (36.2) | 81.9 (32.7) | 77.3 (37.6) | 7.8 (0.3, 15.3) | 0.042 |
| Total abdominal fat, cm2 | 231.9 (79.9) | 226.9 (96.9) | 252.9 (90.8) | 232.8 (101.3) | 257.7 (96.9) | 240.6 (104.6) | 15.2 (3.6, 26.8) | 0.011 |
| Circulating Biomarkers | ||||||||
| Total ghrelin, pg/mL | 726.4b | 820.0b | 754.0b | 763.8b | 778.8b | 773.2b | 0.05 (−0.00, 0.10) | 0.061 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 8.2b | 6.6b | 9.9b | 8.1b | 11.4b | 8.5b | −0.00 (−0.10, 0.09) | 0.922 |
| Cortisol, μg/dL | 9.8b | 13.8b | 8.7b | 12.6b | 10.8b | 13.6b | −0.01 (−0.13, 0.11) | 0.870 |
| Anandamide, ng/mL | 0.25b | 0.25b | 0.22b | 0.21b | 0.19b | 0.20b | 0.10 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.664 |
| 2-AG, ng/mL | 4.6b | 5.7b | 4.3b | 4.2b | 4.0b | 4.3b | 0.14 (−0.02, 0.29) | 0.080 |
Data are means (SD) or medians (IQR).
2-AG, 2-arachidonoylglycerol.
a
Adjusted between-condition differences (95% CI) in changes from Acclimation to Experimental are obtained from contrasts applied within the mixed model analysis.
b
Circulating biomarkers were log- (total ghrelin, leptin and cortisol) and cube root-transformed (anandamide and 2-AG) for analysis. Back-transformed means are reported.