Table 2.
Longitudinal changes in select clinical and cardiovascular measurements stratified by race*
| Characteristic | Black American- style football athletes | White American- style football athletes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline N=124 | Year-1 postseason N=124 | Year-2 postseason N=70 | Year-3 postseason N=47 | Year-1 postseason vs baseline | Year-2 postseason vs baseline | Year-3 postseason vs baseline | Baseline N=125 | Year-1 postseason N=125 | Year-2 postseason N=70 | Year-3 postseason N=34 | Year-1 postseason vs baseline | Year-2 postseason vs baseline | Year-3 postseason vs baseline | P value (overall Δblack vs white) | |
| LM (%)/ NLM (%) | 35 (28)/ 89 (72) | 35 (28)/ 89 (72) | 20 (29)/ 50 (71) | 13 (30)/ 33 (70) | – | – | – | 57 (46)/ 68 (54) | 57 (46)/ 68 (54) | 38 (54)/ 32 (46) | 21 (62)/ 13 (38) | – | – | – | – |
| Weight, kg | 95.6 (93.3 to 97.8) | 97.7 (95.4 to 100.0) | 98.8 (96.4 to 101.1) | 100.3 (98.0 to 102.7) | 2.1 (1.4 to 2.8) p<0.0001 | 3.2 (2.3 to 4.0) p<0.0001 | 4.8 (3.8 to 5.8) p<0.0001 | 105.3 (103.4 to 107.2) | 106.6 (104.7 to 108.4) | 108.4 (106.4 to 110.4) | 110.6 (108.3 to 112.8) | 1.3 (0.3 to 2.2) p=0.010 | 3.1 (1.9 to 4.3) p<0.0001 | 5.3 (3.7 to 6.9) p<0.0001 | 0.33 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 127 (125 to 130) | 131 (129 to 133) | 131 (128 to 134) | 137 (134 to 140) | 3 (1 to 6) p=0.009 | 3 (0 to 7) p=0.03 | 10 (6 to 13) p<0.0001 | 129 (127 to 132) | 135 (132 to 137) | 137 (134 to 139) | 142 (138 to 145) | 5 (3 to 7) p<0.0001 | 7 (4 to 10) p<0.0001 | 12 (8.4 to 16.0) p<0.0001 | 0.41 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 75 (74 to 77) | 76 (74 to 77) | 76 (74 to 78) | 78 (75 to 81) | 0 (−2 to 2) p=0.80 | 1 (−2 to 3) p=0.70 | 3 (0 to 6) p=0.09 | 77 (75 to 78) | 77 (75 to 78) | 79 (77 to 82) | 78 (75 to 81) | 0 (−2 to 2) p=0.89 | 3 (0 to 5) p=0.04 | 1 (−2 to 4) p=0.51 | 0.47 |
| PWV, m/s | 4.9 (4.8 to 5.0) | 5.1 (4.9 to 5.2) | 5.3 (5.2 to 5.5) | 5.3 (5.2 to 5.5) | 0.1 (0.02 to 0.3) p=0.02 | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6) p<0.0001 | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) p<0.0001 | 5.1 (4.9 to 5.2) | 5.3 (5.2 to 5.5) | 5.5 (5.3 to 5.6) | 5.5 (5.3 to 5.7) | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.4) p<0.0001 | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6) p<0.0001 | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) p<0.0001 | 0.39 |
| LVIDD index, mm/m2 | 23.5 (23.1 to 23.8) | 23.7 (23.4 to 24.1) | 23.8 (23.4 to 24.2) | 24.0 (23.6 to 24.4) | 0.3 (0.03 to 0.5) p=0.03 | 0.3 (0.01 to 0.6) p=0.04 | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.9) p=0.004 | 22.9 (22.6 to 23.3) | 23.2 (22.8 to 23.5) | 23.0 (22.6 to 23.4) | 23.1 (22.6 to 23.6) | 0.2 (−0.02 to 0.5) p=0.071 | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.4) p=0.73 | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.6) p=0.54 | 0.40 |
| Average WT, mm | 9.0 (8.8 to 9.1) | 10.0 (9.8 to 10.1) | 10.3 (10.1 to 10.6) | 10.7 (10.5 to 11.0) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) p<0.0001 | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.6) p<0.0001 | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.0) p<0.0001 | 9.0 (8.9 to 9.2) | 10.0 (9.8 to 10.1) | 10.4 (10.2 to 10.6) | 10.9 (10.6 to 11.1) | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.1) p<0.0001 | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5) p<0.0001 | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.1) p<0.0001 | 0.88 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 90.5 (88.5 to 92.4) | 101.5 (99.6 to 103.4) | 104.5 (102.1 to 106.9) | 111.3 (108.5 to 114.1) | 11.0 (9.0 to 13.0) p<0.0001 | 14.0 (11.6 to 16.5) p<0.0001 | 20.8 (18.0 to 23.7) p<0.0001 | 89.9 (87.9 to 91.9) | 100.9 (98.9 to 102.9) | 104.5 (102.1 to 106.9) | 110.1 (107.1 to 113.2) | 11.0 (9.2 to 12.8) p<0.0001 | 14.6 (12.4 to 16.8) p<0.0001 | 20.2 (17.3 to 23.2) p<0.0001 | 0.95 |
| Relative WT | 0.36 (0.35 to 0.37) | 0.39 (0.38 to 0.40) | 0.40 (0.39 to 0.41) | 0.41 (0.39 to 0.42) | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.04) p<0.0001 | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.05) p<0.0001 | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.06) p<0.0001 | 0.35 (0.34 to 0.36) | 0.38 (0.37 to 0.39) | 0.39 (0.38 to 0.40) | 0.40 (0.39 to 0.41) | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.04) p<0.0001 | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.05) p<0.0001 | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.07) p<0.0001 | 0.92 |
| E′, cm/s | 16.0 (15.6 to 16.5) | 14.9 (14.5 to 15.3) | 14.3 (13.8 to 14.8) | 14.0 (13.3 to 14.6) | −1.1 (−1.6 to −0.7) p<0.0001 | −1.7 (−2.3 to −1.2) p=<0.0001 | −2.1 (−2.7 to −1.4) p<0.0001 | 16.4 (16.0 to 16.8) | 15.4 (15.0 to 15.8) | 14.9 (14.4 to 15.4) | 13.8 (13.1 to 14.5) | −1.1 (−1.5 to −0.6) p<0.0001 | −1.5 (−2.0 to −1.0) p<0.0001 | −2.7 (−3.4 to −2.0) p<0.0001 | 0.42 |
*
Analyses adjusted for player position, values are mean (95% CI).
BP, blood pressure; E′, tissue-Doppler averaged mitral annular early diastolic velocities; LM, linemen; LV, left ventricular; LVIDD, left ventricular internal diameter in diastole; NLM, non-linemen; PWV, pulse wave velocity; WT, wall thickness.