Table 2.
Income inequality and crime against businesses: Baseline probit estimations
| Dependent variable: crime incidence | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||||||
| Coeff. | S.E. | p value | Coeff. | S.E. | p value | Coeff. | S.E. | p value | Coeff. | S.E. | p value | Coeff. | S.E. | p value | |
| Poverty rate | 0.638 | 0.082 | 0.000 | 0.400 | 0.082 | 0.000 | 0.479 | 0.087 | 0.000 | 0.334 | 0.082 | 0.000 | 0.420 | 0.085 | 0.000 |
| Log (GDP per capita) | − 0.060 | 0.021 | 0.004 | − 0.089 | 0.022 | 0.000 | − 0.081 | 0.023 | 0.001 | − 0.079 | 0.022 | 0.000 | − 0.069 | 0.023 | 0.003 |
| GDP per capita growth | − 0.099 | 0.007 | 0.000 | − 0.099 | 0.007 | 0.000 | − 0.097 | 0.007 | 0.000 | − 0.098 | 0.007 | 0.000 | − 0.095 | 0.008 | 0.000 |
| Inflation | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.013 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Rule of law | − 0.172 | 0.052 | 0.001 | − 0.098 | 0.055 | 0.074 | − 0.108 | 0.061 | 0.080 | − 0.104 | 0.056 | 0.062 | − 0.120 | 0.061 | 0.048 |
| Control of corruption | 0.308 | 0.051 | 0.000 | 0.236 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 0.244 | 0.061 | 0.000 | 0.248 | 0.056 | 0.000 | 0.256 | 0.061 | 0.000 |
| Log (Firm age) | 0.048 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.041 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.033 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.043 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.033 | 0.012 | 0.006 |
| Log (firm size) | 0.069 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.070 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.074 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.068 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.072 | 0.006 | 0.000 |
| Public dummy | 0.054 | 0.051 | 0.287 | 0.082 | 0.051 | 0.110 | 0.103 | 0.053 | 0.049 | 0.079 | 0.053 | 0.132 | 0.105 | 0.054 | 0.051 |
| Foreign dummy | 0.027 | 0.017 | 0.125 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.350 | 0.003 | 0.018 | 0.886 | 0.011 | 0.018 | 0.516 | − 0.008 | 0.019 | 0.669 |
| Exporter dummy | − 0.046 | 0.017 | 0.008 | − 0.036 | 0.017 | 0.037 | − 0.034 | 0.018 | 0.054 | − 0.036 | 0.018 | 0.044 | − 0.034 | 0.018 | 0.059 |
| Security payment | 0.400 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.396 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.394 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.401 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.399 | 0.014 | 0.000 |
| Gini | 1.571 | 0.147 | 0.000 | 2.649 | 0.370 | 0.000 | 0.753 | 0.253 | 0.003 | 1.640 | 0.370 | 0.000 | |||
| Trust | 2.112 | 0.678 | 0.002 | 2.516 | 0.673 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Gini × Trust | − 5.920 | 1.711 | 0.001 | − 7.021 | 1.702 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Linguistic frac. | − 0.464 | 0.174 | 0.008 | − 0.760 | 0.189 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Gini × Linguistic frac. | 1.602 | 0.403 | 0.000 | 2.396 | 0.436 | 0.000 | |||||||||
| Industry dummies | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | ||||||||||
| Year dummies | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | Inc. | ||||||||||
| Observations | 114,202 | 114,202 | 107,484 | 110,437 | 103,988 | ||||||||||
The reported standard errors (S.E.) are corrected for potential correlations among firms within the same country–industry clusters.