Table 1.
Selected sample characteristics of formal and informal employment, overall and stratified by gender.
| N (%) or Mean (Standard Deviation)a,b |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall |
Women |
Men |
|||||||
| Formal |
Informal |
p |
Formal |
Informal |
p |
Formal |
Informal |
p |
|
| (N = 2588) | (N = 2842) | (N = 1056) | (N = 1294) | (N = 1532) | (N = 1548) | ||||
| Depressive Symptomsc | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| No | 2307 (89.1%) | 2434 (85.6%) | 921 (87.2%) | 1074 (83.0%) | 1386 (90.5%) | 1360 (87.9%) | |||
| Yes |
281 (10.9%) |
408 (14.4%) |
135 (12.8%) |
220 (17.0%) |
146 (9.5%) |
188 (12.1%) |
|||
|
Mean CES-D-10 Scored |
7.7 (5.9) |
8.8 (5.9) |
<0.01 |
8.3 (6.0) |
9.3 (6.1) |
<0.01 |
7.3 (5.8) |
8.3 (5.6) |
<0.01 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Women | 1056 (40.8%) | 1294 (45.5%) | <0.01 | ||||||
| Men |
1532 (59.1%) |
1548 (54.5%) |
|||||||
| Age | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 | ||||||
| 20-29 | 723 (27.9%) | 782 (27.5%) | 285 (27.0%) | 329 (25.4%) | 438 (28.6%) | 453 (29.3%) | |||
| 30-39 | 826 (31.9%) | 828 (29.1%) | 345 (32.7%) | 369 (28.5%) | 481 (31.4%) | 459 (29.7%) | |||
| 40-49 | 643 (24.8%) | 703 (24.7%) | 270 (25.6%) | 359 (27.7%) | 373 (24.3%) | 344 (22.2%) | |||
| 50-60 |
396 (15.3%) |
529 (18.6%) |
156 (14.8%) |
237 (18.3%) |
240 (15.7%) |
292 (18.9%) |
|||
| Education | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Less than Primary | 67 (2.6%) | 255 (9.0%) | 26 (2.5%) | 125 (9.7%) | 41 (2.7%) | 130 (8.4%) | |||
| Primary Complete | 609 (23.5%) | 1084 (38.1%) | 219 (20.7%) | 476 (36.8%) | 390 (25.5%) | 608 (39.3%) | |||
| Secondary Complete | 982 (37.9%) | 1066 (37.5%) | 380 (36.0%) | 493 (38.1%) | 602 (39.3%) | 573 (37.0%) | |||
| > Secondary |
930 (35.9%) |
437 (15.4%) |
431 (40.8%) |
200 (15.5%) |
499 (32.6%) |
237 (15.3%) |
|||
|
Mean Household Size |
3.9 (1.6) |
4.2 (1.9) |
<0.01 |
3.8 (1.5) |
4.3 (1.8) |
<0.01 |
3.9 (1.7) |
4.2 (2.0) |
<0.01 |
| Relationship Status | 0.03 | 0.77 | <0.01 | ||||||
| In a relationship | 1854 (71.6%) | 1959 (68.9%) | 699 (66.2%) | 865 (66.8%) | 1155 (75.4%) | 1094 (70.7%) | |||
| Not in a relationship |
734 (28.4%) |
883 (31.1%) |
357 (33.8%) |
429 (33.2%) |
377 (24.6%) |
454 (29.3%) |
|||
| Children < 5 yrs in household | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.04 | ||||||
| No | 1786 (69.0%) | 1796 (63.2%) | 739 (70.0%) | 792 (61.2%) | 1047 (68.3%) | 1004 (64.9%) | |||
| Yes |
802 (31.0%) |
1046 (36.8%) |
317 (30.0%) |
502 (38.8%) |
485 (31.7%) |
544 (35.1%) |
|||
| City | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||
| Bogota | 398 (15.4%) | 321 (11.3%) | 178 (16.9%) | 202 (15.6%) | 220 (14.4%) | 119 (7.7%) | |||
| Buenos Aires | 294 (11.4%) | 420 (14.8%) | 119 (11.3%) | 172 (13.3%) | 175 (11.4%) | 248 (16.0%) | |||
| Caracas | 288 (11.1%) | 314 (11.0%) | 130 (12.3%) | 118 (9.1%) | 158 (10.3%) | 196 (12.7%) | |||
| Fortaleza | 166 (6.4%) | 280 (9.9%) | 69 (6.5%) | 139 (10.7%) | 97.0 (6.3%) | 141 (9.1%) | |||
| La Paz | 133 (5.1%) | 368 (12.9%) | 39 (3.7%) | 169 (13.1%) | 94.0 (6.1%) | 199 (12.9%) | |||
| Lima | 169 (6.5%) | 305 (10.7%) | 51(4.8%) | 119 (9.2%) | 118 (7.7%) | 186 (12.0%) | |||
| Mexico | 150 (5.8%) | 149 (5.2%) | 43 (4.1%) | 67 (5.2%) | 107 (7.0%) | 82 (5.3%) | |||
| Montevideo | 399 (15.4%) | 116 (4.1%) | 196 (18.6%) | 56 (4.3%) | 203 (13.3%) | 60 (3.9%) | |||
| Panama | 102 (3.9%) | 88 (3.1%) | 41 (3.9%) | 32 (2.5%) | 61 (4.0%) | 56 (3.6%) | |||
| Quito | 162 (6.3%) | 266 (9.4%) | 59 (5.6%) | 117 (9.0%) | 103 (6.7%) | 149 (9.6%) | |||
| São Paulo | 327 (12.6%) | 215 (7.6%) | 131 (12.4%) | 103 (8.0%) | 196 (12.8%) | 112 (7.2%) | |||
CES-D-10 = 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale.
a
Informal employment was defined as no contribution to social security systems. p values represent any group differences using t-tests (for mean [SD]), and chi-squared (for percents).
b
Missing values: overall (formal n = 11, informal n = 38), Females (formal n = 3, informal n = 20), Males (formal n = 8, informal n = 18).
c
Defined as CES-D-10 score 16.
d
Possible range: 0 to 30.