Table 3.
Estimates of prevented years of life lost in the European population and in the population of the European Union aged 50 years and older in 2017 using different assumptions regarding vitamin D fortification effects
| Country | Fortification policyc | Annual cancer deaths baselined | Probably currently prevented cancer deaths | Further potentially preventable cancer deaths | Preventable YLL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| European Union | |||||
| Austria | — | 19,663 | 0 | 2,163 | 20,579 |
| Belgium | − | 25,641 | 523 | 2,355 | 21,259 |
| Bulgaria | — | 16,216 | 0 | 1,784 | 12,750 |
| Croatia | − | 13,231 | 270 | 1,215 | 9,853 |
| Cyprus | — | 1,345 | 0 | 148 | 1,557 |
| Czech Republic | — | 26,290 | 0 | 2,892 | 24,980 |
| Denmark | − | 15,139 | 309 | 1,390 | 11,884 |
| Estonia | − | 3,686 | 75 | 338 | 2,411 |
| Finland | ++ | 12,205 | 1,207 | 268 | 2,409 |
| France | − | 156,972 | 3,204 | 14,416 | 141,958 |
| Germany | — | 220,462 | 0 | 24,251 | 208,692 |
| Greece | — | 28,664 | 0 | 3,153 | 27,468 |
| Hungary | — | 31,206 | 0 | 3,433 | 28,145 |
| Ireland | o | 8,642 | 360 | 630 | 6,048 |
| Italy | — | 164,340 | 0 | 18,077 | 164,262 |
| Latvia | —? | 5,695 | 0 | 626 | 3,016 |
| Lithuania | — | 7,542 | 0 | 830 | 4,245 |
| Luxembourg | — | 1,047 | 0 | 115 | 1,150 |
| Malta | — | 912 | 0 | 100 | 1,004 |
| The Netherlands | − | 43,323 | 884 | 3,979 | 37,933 |
| Poland | — | 95,266 | 0 | 10,479 | 91,314 |
| Portugal | − | 26,039 | 531 | 2,391 | 22,367 |
| Romania | — | 47,787 | 0 | 5,257 | 41,440 |
| Slovakia | — | 13,067 | 0 | 1,437 | 11,821 |
| Slovenia | — | 6,148 | 0 | 676 | 6,279 |
| Spain | − | 104,179 | 2,126 | 9,567 | 98,019 |
| Sweden | + | 22,211 | 1,293 | 1,293 | 10,670 |
| Non-EU countries | |||||
| Iceland | + | 572 | 33 | 33 | 307 |
| Norway | + | 10,516 | 612 | 612 | 5,604 |
| Serbia | — | 20,387 | 0 | 2,243 | 17,828 |
| Switzerland | — | 16,915 | 0 | 1,861 | 18,533 |
| Turkey | — | 71,658 | 0 | 7,882 | 80,866 |
| United Kingdom | + + | 161,025 | 15,926 | 3,539 | 29,652 |
| Europea, Main | NA | 1,397,898 | 27,353 | 129,433 (39,440–209,176) | 1,166,303 (359,494–1,907,845) |
| Weaker effect (-10%) | − | Preventable: 116,490 (35,496–188,258) | 1,049,673 (323,545–1,717,061) | ||
| EUb, Main | NA | 1,116,916 | 10,782 | 113,263 (34,365–182,370) | 1,013,513 (312,446–1,655,159) |
| Weaker effect (-10%) | − | Preventable: 101,937 (30,929–164,133) | 912,162 (281,201–1,489,643) | ||
aCountries considered: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom. Data taken from Eurostat, which does not comprise data of several non-EU countries such as Ukraine (population: approximately 41.6 million), Bosnia and Herzegovina (population: approx. 3.3 million), and Moldova (population: approx. 2.6 million)
bExcluding UK
c ++ : mandatory fortification with adequate amounts covering adequate range of products; + : wide-spread voluntary fortification but with insufficient amounts or adequate mandatory fortification but with too few products; o: insufficient mandatory fortification plus some voluntary fortification, − : no mandatory fortification but commonly some voluntary fortification of foods; —: no mandatory fortification and in practice also almost no voluntary fortification of foods.; —?: unknown, supposedly no fortification
dAccording to Globocan data from 2020
NA not applicable; UK United Kingdom; EU European Union; YLL years of life lost