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. 2022 Jun 10;12:9614. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13552-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis of β-diversity. Left: multidimensional scaling (MDS): over all taxa, the beta-diversity was not significantly different between the saliva, biofilm, and fecal samples collected at three different time points, t0 (before switch to SFOH), t1 (one week after SFOH switch), and t2 (four weeks after SFOH switch). Right: Cluster analysis and intra-patient dynamical change of microbiome. Changes that appear significant are followed by arrows. Patients with such a shifting microbiome (named shifters) were A01 (saliva, biofilm), A02 (biofilm, feces), A09 (biofilm), A12 (saliva, biofilm, feces), A13 (saliva, biofilm), and A16 (biofilm, feces, with data for t0/1 only). Microbiomes of patients A05, A08, A15, A17, A19 (non-shifters) appeared quite stable, independent of specimen. In a subgroup here, however, two specimens (saliva of A15 and feces of A08) changed from t0 to t1, but t2-microbiome clustered again with t0, following a boomerang move.