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. 2022 Jun 10;12:9580. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13091-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Individual changes in regional cerebral blood flow within four spherical volumes of interest (VOIs) with a radius of 10 mm. (A) The regional peak activations during finger-tapping prior to stimulation (FT-pre) was used as a functional localizer for the three spheres. Spheres were placed in the superficial primary motor cortex (M1) (yellow, center coordinate: − 38; − 24; 60) the deep part of M1 (red, center coordinate: − 38; − 24; 46) and the left dorsal premotor cortex (green, center coordinates − 38; − 6; 60). The fourth VOI (magenta) was placed at the location of maximum induced E-field in all subjects (center coordinate − 40; 28; 42). (B) Plots show individual activation within each VOI for each stimulation intensity. (C) Plots show individual activation within each VOI as a function of the induced E-field instead of TDCS intensity. (D) Boxplot of mean induced E-field in all four VOI’s at 1 mA TDCS. Y-axis shows induced E-field V/m. Outliers defined being beyond 1.5 inter-quartile range of each quartile.