Table 3.

Active trials involving peptide and tumor lysate-derived vaccines

NCT	Phase	Intervention	Target population	Location	Sample size	Key outcomes
NCT01903330	Phase II	ERC1671 (tumor-derived cells and cell lysate) combined with GM-CSF and cyclophosphamide to stimulate the immune response, with bevacizumab, vs placebo injection with bevacizumab	Recurrent glioblastoma or gliosarcoma	USA	84	OS, PFS, immune response, adverse events
NCT02287428	Phase I	NeoVax (personalized neoantigen vaccine from autologous tumor lysate) with pembrolizumab with or without standard therapy	Newly diagnosed glioblastoma	USA	56	Safety, adverse events, number of actionable peptides, feasibility of vaccine administration
NCT03018288	Phase II	RT/TMZ plus pembrolizumab, with or without HSPPC-96 (heat shock protein peptide complex-96) peptide vaccine	Newly diagnosed glioblastoma	USA	90	OS
NCT03149003	Phase III	WT1 antigen-based peptide vaccine (DSP-7888) with concurrent bevacizumab vs bevacizumab alone	Recurrent or progressive glioblastoma with HLA-A2 positivity	Multiple countries	236	DLT, OS, PFS, adverse events
NCT03223103	Phase I	Personalized vaccine containing synthetic long peptides adjusted to the patient's tumor, with poly:ICLC and tumor-treating fields	Newly diagnosed glioblastoma immediately after TMZ/RT	USA	13	DLT, OS, PFS, ORR
NCT03382977	Phase I/IIa	Use of a pp65 peptide-containing vaccine, administered with GM-CSF for immune response improvement	Recurrent glioblastoma	USA	38	DLT, immunogenicity, anti-CMV immunity, Treg and myeloid changes, OS, PFS
NCT03650257	Phase II	gp96 vaccine received after TMZ/RT	Newly diagnosed high-grade glioma	China	150	OS, PFS, T cell changes
NCT03665545	Phase I/II	IMA950, a standardized peptide vaccine, plus poly-ICLC for immunogenicity	Recurrent glioblastoma	Switzerland	24	Adverse events, PFS, OS, TIL density, T cell responses
NCT04013672	Phase II	Pembrolizumab, with SurVaxM, sargramostim, and montanide ISA 51 in combination	Recurrent glioblastoma	USA	40	PFS, safety, and tolerability
NCT04116658	Phase Ib/IIa	EO2401 (therapeutic peptide vaccine based on tumor-associated antigens and microbiome-derived peptides) with and without nivolumab and bevacizumab	Recurrent or progressive glioblastoma with HLA-A2 positivity	Multiple countries	52	Safety and tolerability, OS, immunogenicity
NCT04280848	Phase I/II	Peptide vaccine with telomerase-derived antigens, with Montanide ISA 51 (vaccine adjuvant)	Recurrent or progressive, MGMT-unmethylated glioblastoma	France	28	Immunogenicity via T cell responses
NCT04642937	Phase I	Combination therapy with anti-CD200AR ligand, imiquimod, and GBM6-AD tumor lysate vaccine	Recurrent glioblastoma	USA	24	MTD, adverse events, OS, PFS
NCT04808245	Phase I	Peptide vaccine against H3K27M antigens, along with atezolizumab and imiquimod	Newly diagnosed H3K27M-mutated gliomas	Germany	15	Toxicity, immunogenicity, PFS, OS
NCT04842513	Phase I	Vaccine (XS15) containing specific immunomodulatory proteins after standard of care	Newly diagnosed IDH wt, HLA-A2 positive, MGMT-methylated glioblastoma after resection	Germany	15	Adverse events, immunogenicity changes