Table 6.

Active clinical trials involving nucleic acid-based therapies

NCT	Phase	Intervention	Target population	Location	Sample size	Key outcomes
NCT02766699	Phase I	Nanoparticles containing doxorubicin tied to bispecific antibodies (EGFR(V)-EDV-Dox) that are specific to the tumor cells of the patients	Recurrent glioblastoma	USA	20	Safety, MRI evaluation, recommended phase 2 dose, OS
NCT03491683	Phase I/II	INO-9012 (DNA plasmid for IL-12), INO-5401 (WT1 antigen, PSMA, hTERT genes) delivered via electroporation of cells, in combination with cemiplimab, with RT/TMZ	Newly diagnosed glioblastoma	USA	52	Adverse events, OS, change in T cell phenotypes
NCT03750071	Phase I/II	VXM01 (DNA plasmid vaccine for VEGFR-2) and avelumab (anti-PD-L1)	Recurrent glioblastoma	Germany	30	Adverse events, PFS, OS, MRI response, duration of response
NCT04485949	Phase IIb	IGV-001 (IGF-1R antisense oligonucleotide with autologous cell antigens) vs placebo with TMZ/RT	Newly diagnosed glioblastoma	USA	93	PFS, OS, MGMT status effect, functional changes, adverse events
NCT04573140	Phase I/II	Autologous tumor mRNA and pp65 LAMP mRNA-loaded liposomal vaccine	Newly diagnosed pediatric high-grade glioma and adult glioblastoma	USA	28	Production feasibility, safety, MTD