Table 2.
The percentage changes and EAPCs of death and DALYs caused by RHD from 1990 to 2019 globally, and in sexes, SDI areas, and geographic regions
| Characteristics | Death | DALYs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 1990–2019 | 2019 | 1990–2019 | |||||
| Number, × 103 (95% UI) | ASR (100,000), (95% UI) | Percentage (%) | EAPC (95%CI) | Number, × 103 (95% UI) | ASR (100,000), (95% UI) | Percentage (%) | EAPC (95%CI) | |
| Overall | 305.65 (259.22 to 340.49) | 3.85 (3.29 to 4.29) | − 15.60 | − 2.98 (− 3.03 to − 2.94) | 10,673.88 (9207.38 to 12,121.61) | 132.88 (115.02 to 150.34) | − 18.94 | − 2.70 (− 2.75 to − 2.65) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 131.72 (113.45 to 159.9) | 3.62 (3.14 to 4.37) | − 13.40 | − 2.86 (− 2.88 to − 2.83) | 4833.46 (4121.95 to 5729.11) | 123.51 (105.78 to 145.93) | − 15.91 | − 2.53 (− 2.56 to − 2.49) |
| Female | 173.93 (140.65 to 208.09) | 4.06 (3.29 to 4.85) | − 17.20 | − 3.10 (− 3.17 to − 3.03) | 5840.42 (4813.98 to 6963.02) | 141.99 (117.47 to 168.62) | − 21.30 | − 2.85 (− 2.92 to − 2.77) |
| SDI | ||||||||
| Low | 47.51 (39.42 to 55.97) | 8.50 (6.99 to 10.15) | 23.75 | − 1.87 (− 1.95 to − 1.79) | 2191.85 (1819.05 to 2580.12) | 275.50 (228.02 to 324.57) | 25.52 | − 1.87 (− 1.96 to − 1.79) |
| Low-middle | 113.46 (85.23 to 135.03) | 8.35 (6.34 to 9.95) | 7.07 | − 2.45 (− 2.54 to − 2.36) | 4268.61 (3371.73 to 5010.50) | 266.56 (207.28 to 313.76) | − 0.26 | − 2.35 (− 2.44 to − 2.26) |
| Middle | 82.95 (70.81 to 93.79) | 3.72 (3.17 to 4.23) | − 32.65 | − 4.08 (− 4.14 to − 4.02) | 2773.06 (2416.94 to 3165.51) | 112.05 (97.74 to 127.84) | − 37.29 | − 3.81 (− 3.87 to − 3.74) |
| High-middle | 36.96 (33.18 to 40.19) | 1.90 (1.70 to 2.07) | − 45.08 | − 4.53 (− 4.67 to − 4.39) | 1021.63 (914.61 to 1141.70) | 56.12 (49.74 to 63.59) | − 51.67 | − 4.54 (− 4.67 to − 4.41) |
| High | 24.62 (20.84 to 27.18) | 1.13 (0.98 to 1.24) | − 9.50 | − 3.00 (− 3.20 to − 2.81) | 411.43 (372.56 to 448.62) | 22.83 (20.92 to 24.88) | − 31.48 | − 3.44 (− 3.70 to − 3.17) |
| Regions | ||||||||
| East Asia | 72.40 (60.32 to 83.88) | 4.01 (3.34 to 4.63) | − 46.40 | − 5.00 (− 5.12 to − 4.89) | 1778.09 (1498.96 to 2041.20) | 94.12 (79.47 to 108.54) | − 56.56 | − 5.14 (− 5.24 to − 5.04) |
| South Asia | 155.98 (119.89 to 187.68) | 1.30 (1.11 to 1.48) | 25.40 | − 2.28 (− 2.43 to − 2.13) | 5755.42 (4558.37 to 6820.45) | 58.53 (50.19 to 67.44) | 12.95 | − 2.16 (− 2.29 to − 2.03) |
| Southeast Asia | 7.77 (6.69 to 8.85) | 16.06 (10.07 to 24.64) | − 26.47 | − 3.73 (− 3.82 to − 3.63) | 397.46 (338.91 to 459.41) | 627.42 (404.06 to 918.03) | − 20.45 | − 2.74 (− 2.79 to − 2.69) |
| Central Asia | 3.29 (2.83 to 3.77) | 4.16 (3.64 to 4.69) | − 16.82 | − 2.51 (− 2.83 to − 2.19) | 147.63 (125.87 to 172.89) | 161.24 (138.56 to 187.45) | − 20.04 | − 3.04 (− 3.40 to − 2.68) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 5.11 (3.84 to 5.9) | 1.30 (1.14 to 1.47) | 51.09 | − 3.04 (− 3.10 to − 2.98) | 62.42 (51.83 to 69.51) | 33.27 (29.12 to 37.55) | − 14.85 | − 3.75 (− 3.82 to − 3.67) |
| Oceania | 1.50 (0.94 to 2.24) | 1.32 (1.16 to 1.49) | 84.17 | − 0.64 (− 0.74 to − 0.55) | 74.50 (48.60 to 107.66) | 44.73 (39.39 to 50.56) | 85.86 | − 0.46 (− 0.57 to − 0.35) |
| Australasia | 0.61 (0.52 to 0.70) | 0.81 (0.64 to 0.93) | 6.30 | − 2.56 (− 2.79 to − 2.33) | 11.47 (10.17 to 12.90) | 13.20 (11.53 to 14.46) | − 17.41 | − 2.88 (− 3.10 to − 2.67) |
| Eastern Europe | 4.36 (3.83 to 4.91) | 1.17 (1.01 to 1.33) | − 68.08 | − 5.58 (− 6.07 to − 5.09) | 139.01 (122.23 to 156.95) | 26.06 (23.14 to 29.22) | − 70.49 | − 5.78 (− 6.27 to − 5.29) |
| Western Europe | 16.19 (13.65 to 18.14) | 1.47 (1.27 to 1.63) | − 7.84 | − 2.52 (− 2.65 to − 2.39) | 229.98 (204.56 to 251.23) | 25.02 (22.79 to 27.15) | − 34.82 | − 3.31 (− 3.49 to − 3.12) |
| Central Europe | 2.76 (2.42 to 3.11) | 2.18 (1.81 to 2.57) | − 68.67 | − 5.72 (− 6.14 to − 5.29) | 63.34 (55.48 to 71.10) | 60.62 (49.8 to 73.88) | − 75.80 | − 6.23 (− 6.71 to − 5.76) |
| High-income North America | 6.79 (5.93 to 7.42) | 1.00 (0.89 to 1.09) | − 18.80 | − 3.10 (− 3.45 to − 2.76) | 141.20 (126.97 to 157.25) | 23.79 (21.53 to 26.44) | − 27.34 | − 3.22 (− 3.62 to − 2.82) |
| Andean Latin America | 0.63 (0.51 to 0.78) | 2.46 (1.78 to 3.44) | − 15.50 | − 3.75 (− 3.85 to − 3.65) | 42.24 (31.31 to 56.12) | 142.02 (105.28 to 189.56) | 4.92 | − 2.33 (− 2.45 to − 2.21) |
| Central Latin America | 1.66 (1.42 to 1.92) | 1.13 (0.90 to 1.39) | − 40.37 | − 5.16 (− 5.38 to − 4.95) | 91.82 (72.94 to 116.67) | 67.40 (50.19 to 88.85) | − 31.38 | − 3.94 (− 4.19 to − 3.69) |
| Caribbean | 1.22 (0.89 to 1.71) | 0.70 (0.60 to 0.81) | − 13.98 | − 2.12 (− 2.27 to − 1.96) | 68.58 (50.94 to 90.78) | 36.38 (29.05 to 46.02) | − 13.64 | − 1.63 (− 1.80 to − 1.47) |
| Tropical Latin America | 2.77 (2.55 to 2.96) | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.23) | − 11.62 | − 3.05 (− 3.15 to − 2.94) | 188.94 (147.04 to 244.65) | 79.03 (61.33 to 102.28) | − 5.98 | − 2.03 (− 2.07 to − 2.00) |
| Southern Latin America | 1.86 (1.54 to 2.20) | 1.65 (1.35 to 2.00) | − 26.33 | − 3.64 (− 3.76 to − 3.53) | 46.52 (38.52 to 55.80) | 67.07 (54.15 to 82.44) | − 32.79 | − 3.29 (− 3.42 to − 3.16) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 4.69 (3.86 to 5.57) | 11.18 (8.62 to 13.40) | − 6.58 | − 2.63 (− 2.72 to − 2.55) | 423.97 (319.46 to 558.81) | 348.46 (272.37 to 412.24) | 28.13 | − 2.00 (− 2.07 to − 1.94) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.37 (1.15 to 1.64) | 3.96 (2.44 to 6.40) | − 4.78 | − 2.03 (− 2.38 to − 1.68) | 99.85 (78.75 to 123.99) | 161.30 (114.77 to 227.69) | 5.73 | − 1.49 (− 1.71 to − 1.26) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 5.05 (4.04 to 6.49) | 2.45 (2.01 to 2.95) | − 19.19 | − 3.43 (− 3.58 to − 3.28) | 376.69 (285.46 to 495.50) | 122.36 (96.10 to 152.73) | 20.62 | − 2.51 (− 2.65 to − 2.36) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 7.40 (5.90 to 9.15) | 2.18 (1.86 to 2.56) | − 25.14 | − 3.59 (− 3.73 to − 3.44) | 379.36 (305.22 to 469.08) | 128.96 (103.43 to 158.74) | − 27.42 | − 3.38 (− 3.51 to − 3.25) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 2.25 (1.40 to 3.63) | 2.42 (1.97 to 3.01) | 22.98 | − 1.86 (− 2.07 to − 1.65) | 155.37 (110.99 to 213.80) | 105.13 (82.44 to 132.56) | 49.49 | − 1.64 (− 1.78 to − 1.50) |
RHD rheumatic heart disease, DALYs disability-adjusted life years, EAPC estimated annual percentage change, ASR age-standardized rate, CI confidence interval, UI uncertainty interval, SDI socio-demographic index