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. 2022 Jun 11;19:141. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02501-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Spatiotemporal patterns of apoptosis and pyroptosis in the early phase of stroke. A TUNEL staining showed cell apoptosis (green) in the peri-infarcted area before stroke (D0) and at 1 day (D1), 3 days (D3), 5 days (D5), 7 days (D7) after stroke, respectively. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Quantitative analysis showed that the apoptosis index robustly increased at D1, and slightly increased from D1 to D7. Quantitative analysis showed that the number of GSDMD positive cells (C) slightly increased and the number of ASC positive cells (D) non-significantly increased between D0 and D1. Subsequently, both the number of GSDMD and ASC positive cells remarkably increased from D1 to D7. Immunofluorescence staining for MAP2/GSDMD (MAP2-red and GSDMD-green) (E) and MAP2/ASC (MAP2-red and ASC-green) (F) colocalization showed the neuronal pyroptosis in peri-infarcted area labeled with MAP2. Scale bar = 40 μm. The spatial patterns between pyroptosis and apoptosis was showed by TUNEL staining (G) and MAP2/GSDMD double staining (H). Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM of the mean (n = 4). Non-significant (ns), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 as determined by one-way ANOVA (Tukey’s multiple comparison test)