Table 1.
Study population characteristics according to obesity status (ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort, N = 6348)
| Variable (% of missing values) | Central obesitya | Underweight or normal weight | Overweight | Obesity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study population (N = 6348) | No (N = 2832) | Yes (N = 3516) | P-valueb | BMI < 25 kg/m2 (N = 3443) | 25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2 (N = 2038) | BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (N = 867) | P-value | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 3418 (53.8) | 1744 (61.6) | 1674 (47.6) | < 10−3 | 1708 (49.6) | 1288 (63.2) | 422 (48.7) | < 10−3 |
| Female | 2930 (46.2) | 1088 (38.4) | 1842 (52.4) | 1735 (50.4) | 750 (36.8) | 445 (51.3) | ||
| Age at baseline (years) | ||||||||
| Median [IQR] | 56 [50–64] | 53 [48–61] | 58 [51–66] | < 10−3 | 55 [49–63] | 57 [50–65] | 57 [50–65] | < 10−3 |
| Place of birth (0.1) | ||||||||
| France | 4673 (73.6) | 2188 (77.3) | 2485 (70.7) | < 10−3 | 2671 (77.6) | 1460 (71.7) | 542 (62.6) | < 10−3 |
| Europe + North America + Latin America + Australiac | 486 (7.7) | 221 (7.8) | 265 (7.5) | 246 (7.1) | 160 (7.9) | 80 (9.2) | ||
| North Africa + Middle East | 576 (9.1) | 212 (7.5) | 364 (10.4) | 259 (7.5) | 207 (10.2) | 110 (12.7) | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa + the Caribbeand | 412 (6.5) | 117 (4.1) | 295 (8.4) | 153 (4.4) | 157 (7.7) | 102 (11.8) | ||
| Asia | 198 (3.1) | 93 (3.3) | 105 (3.0) | 113 (3.3) | 53 (2.6) | 32 (3.7) | ||
| Coffee consumption (0.7) | ||||||||
| 0 cups/day | 1795 (28.5) | 733 (26.1) | 1062 (30.4) | < 10−3 | 915 (26.8) | 594 (29.3) | 286 (33.3) | 0.002 |
| 1–2 cups/day | 2531 (40.2) | 1087 (38.7) | 1444 (41.4) | 1 391 (40.7) | 806 (39.8) | 334 (38.9) | ||
| ≥ 3 cups/day | 1977 (31.4) | 991 (35.3) | 986 (28.2) | 1112 (32.5) | 627 (30.9) | 238 (27.7) | ||
| Cannabis use | ||||||||
| Never | 4271 (67.3) | 1632 (57.6) | 2639 (75.1) | < 10−3 | 2131 (61.9) | 1446 (71.0) | 694 (80.0) | < 10−3 |
| Former | 1292 (20.4) | 680 (24.0) | 612 (17.4) | 753 (21.9) | 410 (20.1) | 129 (14.9) | ||
| Current | 785 (12.4) | 520 (18.4) | 265 (7.5) | 559 (16.2) | 182 (8.9) | 44 (5.1) | ||
| Tobacco smoking | ||||||||
| Never | 2390 (37.7) | 861 (30.4) | 1529 (43.5) | < 10−3 | 1200 (34.9) | 795 (39.0) | 395 (45.6) | < 10−3 |
| Former | 1747 (27.5) | 730 (25.8) | 1017 (28.9) | 866 (25.2) | 616 (30.2) | 265 (30.6) | ||
| Current | 2210 (34.8) | 1241 (43.8) | 969 (27.6) | 1377 (40.0) | 627 (30.8) | 206 (23.8) | ||
| Alcohol consumption (0.4) | ||||||||
| Abstinent without past unhealthy use | 2723 (43.1) | 1084 (38.4) | 1639 (46.8) | < 10−3 | 1401 (40.8) | 888 (43.8) | 434 (50.4) | < 10−3 |
| Moderate use | 2521 (39.9) | 1241 (44.0) | 1280 (36.6) | 1448 (42.2) | 786 (38.7) | 287 (33.3) | ||
| Unhealthy use (past or current) | 1077 (17.0) | 496 (17.6) | 581 (16.6) | 582 (17.0) | 355 (17.5) | 140 (16.3) | ||
| Living in poverty (2.6) | ||||||||
| No | 4303 (69.6) | 1974 (71.6) | 2329 (67.9) | 0.002 | 2411 (72.0) | 1372 (68.8) | 520 (61.7) | < 10−3 |
| Yes | 1883 (30.4) | 782 (28.4) | 1101 (32.1) | 939 (28.0) | 621 (31.2) | 323 (38.3) | ||
| Education level (1.1) | ||||||||
| < upper secondary school certificate | 3396 (54.1) | 1359 (48.5) | 2037 (58.6) | < 10−3 | 1710 (50.3) | 1148 (56.7) | 538 (63.0) | < 10−3 |
| ≥ upper secondary school certificate | 2883 (45.9) | 1443 (51.5) | 1440 (41.4) | 1692 (49.7) | 875 (43.3) | 316 (37.0) | ||
| Employed (0.4) | ||||||||
| No | 3518 (55.6) | 1308 (46.4) | 2210 (63.1) | < 10−3 | 1797 (52.4) | 1146 (56.4) | 575 (66.7) | < 10−3 |
| Yes | 2807 (44.4) | 1513 (53.6) | 1294 (36.9) | 1633 (47.6) | 887 (43.6) | 287 (33.3) | ||
| Advanced liver fibrosise (6.6) | ||||||||
| No | 4391 (74.0) | 2049 (78.4) | 2342 (70.6) | < 10−3 | 2429 (75.9) | 1387 (72.3) | 575 (70.8) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 1541 (26.0) | 566 (21.6) | 975 (29.4) | 772 (24.1) | 532 (27.7) | 237 (29.2) | ||
| Time since HCV diagnosis (years) (2.0) | ||||||||
| Median [IQR] | 14.0 [6.7–19.8] | 14.4 [6.8–19.9] | 13.7 [6.7–19.7] | 0.126 | 14.4 [7.2–20.0] | 13.8 [6.8–19.6] | 12.7 [6.0–19.1] | 0.002 |
| HCV treatment history | ||||||||
| Never | 3289 (51.8) | 1586 (56.0) | 1703 (48.4) | < 10−3 | 1938 (56.3) | 960 (47.1) | 391 (45.1) | < 10−3 |
| Interferon-based | 2278 (35.9) | 947 (33.4) | 1331 (37.9) | 1146 (33.3) | 794 (39.0) | 338 (39.0) | ||
| 1st or 2nd generation DAA | 616 (9.7) | 226 (8.0) | 390 (11.1) | 267 (7.8) | 231 (11.3) | 118 (13.6) | ||
| Other | 165 (2.6) | 73 (2.6) | 92 (2.6) | 92 (2.7) | 53 (2.6) | 20 (2.3) | ||
BMI body mass index, DAA direct-acting antiviral, HCV hepatitis C virus, IQR interquartile range
aCentral obesity was defined as having a waist circumference ≥ 94 cm for men (except for men born in Asia, Central or South America, for whom the cut-off was set at 90 cm) and ≥ 80 cm for women (World Health Organization 2019)
bThe chi-squared and Student’s t tests were used in these comparisons for categorical and continuous variables, respectively
c23 participants were born in Latin America, 15 in the USA, and 2 in Australia
d10 participants were born in the Caribbean
eAdvanced liver fibrosis was defined as an FIB-4 score >3.25 (Sterling et al. 2006)