. 2022 Jun 10;22:498. doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-03135-y

Table 1.

Characteristics of participants according to their frailty phenotype category

		Robust		Pre-Frail		Frail		Total		P-Value
		Freq.	percent	Freq.	percent	Freq.	percent	Freq.	percent	P-Value
Sex	Female	98	40.5	613	53.7	78	53.4	789	51.6	< 0.01
Sex	Male	144	59.5	528	46.2	68	46.5	740	48.4	< 0.01
Age	60–69	198	81.8	614	53.8	47	32.1	859	56.1	< 0.01
	70–79	36	14.8	385	33.7	48	32.8	469	30.6
	≥80	8	3.3	142	12.4	51	34.9	201	13.1
Marital Status	married	218	90	904	79.2	102	69.8	1224	80	< 0.01
	single	1	0.4	8	0.7	1	0.6	10	0.6
	widow	18	7.4	217	19	42	28.7	277	18.1
	separated	5	2	12	1	1	0.6	18	1.1
Education level	illiterate	71	29.3	570	49.9	98	67.1	739	48.3	< 0.01
	Primary school	71	29.3	363	31.8	37	25.3	471	30.8
	High school	19	7.8	56	4.9	6	4.1	81	5.3
	diploma	40	16.5	88	7.7	4	2.7	132	8.6
	academic	41	16.9	64	5.6	1	0.6	106	6.9
BMI	Low body weight	11	4.5	53	4.6	10	6.8	74	4.8	< 0.05
	Ideal body weight	106	43.8	407	35.6	68	46.5	581	38
	Over weight	93	38.4	434	38	42	28.7	569	37.2
	Obese	32	13.2	247	21.6	26	17.8	305	19.9
Physical activity	high	242	100	1050	92	87	59.6	1379	90.1	< 0.01
Physical activity	low	0	0	91	7.9	59	40.4	150	9.8	< 0.01
Smoking	No	222	91.7	1066	93.4	137	93.8	1425	93.2	0.60
Smoking	Yes	20	8.2	75	6.5	9	6.1	104	6.8	0.60
Stroke	No	234	96.7	1091	95.6	133	91.1	1458	95.3	0.02
Stroke	Yes	8	3.3	50	4.3	13	8.9	71	4.6	0.02
DM	No	196	80.9	853	74.7	112	76.7	1161	75.9	0.11
DM	Yes	46	19	288	25.2	34	23.3	368	24	0.11
Cancer	No	242	100	1133	99.3	145	99.3	1520	99.4	0.42
Cancer	Yes	0	0	8	0.7	1	0.6	9	0.6	0.42
Arthritis	No	208	85.9	940	82.3	108	73.9	1256	82.1	0.01
Arthritis	Yes	34	14	201	17.6	38	26	273	17.8	0.01
HTN	No	155	64	650	56.9	80	54.8	885	57.8	0.09
HTN	Yes	87	35.9	491	43	66	45.2	644	42.1	0.09
Respiratory	No	221	90.8	1020	89.4	123	84.1	1367	89.1	0.24
Respiratory	Yes	21	8.6	121	10.6	23	15.7	165	10.8	0.24
CKD	NO	237	97.9	1107	97	141	96.5	1485	97.1	0.68
CKD	Yes	5	2	34	2.9	5	3.4	44	2.8	0.68
Digestive problem	NO	200	82.6	913	79.6	98	67.1	1211	79.2	< 0.04
Digestive problem	Yes	42	17.3	228	19.9	48	32.8	318	20.8	< 0.04
Swallowing problem	No	240	99.1	1114	97.6	133	91	1486	97.2	< 0.01
Swallowing problem	Yes	2	0.8	27	2.3	13	8.9	42	2.7	< 0.01
MNA total	Malnourished	1	0.4	14	1.2	4	2.7	19	1.2	< 0.01
	At risk	29	11.9	277	24.2	73	50	379	24.8
	Well nourished	212	87.6	850	74.5	69	47.2	1131	73.9
Use more 3 drugs	No	179	73.9	753	65.9	77	52.7	1009	65.9	< 0.01
Use more 3 drugs	yes	63	26	388	34	69	47.2	520	34	< 0.01