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. 2022 Jun 11;21:180. doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04179-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Cattle urine and urea imbibed by host-seeking and blood-fed female Anopheles arabiensis. Female mosquitoes were provided with diets consisting of fresh and aged cattle urine, various concentrations of urea, sucrose (10%) and distilled water (H₂O) in a feeding assay (A). Host-seeking (B) and blood-fed (C) females imbibed larger volumes of sucrose than any of the other diets tested. Note that host-seeking females imbibed less 72 h aged cattle urine than 168 h aged cattle urine (B). The average total nitrogen content of the urine (± standard deviation) is represented in the inset. Urea was imbibed by host-seeking (D, F) and blood-fed (E, G) females in a dose-dependent manner. The mean volume imbibed (D, E) with different letter designations are significantly different from one another (one-way analysis of variance with a Tukey’s post hoc analysis; p < 0.05). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (B–E). The straight dotted lines represent the log-linear regression lines (F, G)