Table 2.
Demographic and clinical parameters of study subjects
| Parameters | HC (N = 14) | DNR (N = 22) | MNPDR (N = 24) | HRPDR (N = 24) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.00 ± 7.48 | 51.02 ± 6.12 | 53.11 ± 1.99 | 52.06 ± 6.61 | 0.649 |
| Gender | |||||
| M | 8 (57.14%) | 12 (54.54%) | 12 (50%) | 13 (54.16%) | 0.976 |
| F | 6 (42.85%) | 10 (45.45%) | 12 (50%) | 11 (45.83%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.36 ± 3.412 | 25.17 ± 2.314 | 25.87 ± 3.972 | 24.02 ± 6.624 | 0.334 |
| Duration of DM (years) | – | 10.46 ± 5.191 | 11.14 ± 3.916 | 11.36 ± 3.684 | 0.784 |
| Blood Pressure (mm Hg) | |||||
| Systolic | 123.2 ± 9.575 | 127.8 ± 6.012 | 127.6 ± 2.914 | 126.3 ± 4.214 | 0.116 |
| Diastolic | 80.71 ± 3.286 | 82.39 ± 4.591 | 80.27 ± 4.010 | 81.32 ± 5.113 | 0.435 |
| Glycaemic Status | |||||
| FPG (mg/dl) | 80.40 ± 8.444 | 151.9 ± 9.52**** | 158.6 ± 27.36a | 154.7 ± 16.11!!!! | < 0.0001 |
| PPG (mg/dl) | 118.2 ± 10.16 | 181.22 ± 32.90 *** | 194.67 ± 61.32a | 210.64 ± 29.92!!!! | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1C (%) | 4.76 ± 0.2881 | 7.91 ± 0.412**** | 8.48 ± 1.10a | 8.1 ± 0.98!!!! | < 0.0001 |
| Lipid profile | |||||
| TCH (mg/dl) | 155.0 ± 8.337 | 184.6 ± 28.11 | 211.71 ± 25.17b | 200.71 ± 28.62!! | 0.005 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 93.40 ± 21.14 | 115.2 ± 23.2 | 136.61 ± 17.84 | 130.43 ± 25.89!! | 0.013 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 45.40 ± 7.232 | 42.21 ± 7.31 | 40.81 ± 5.990 | 41.02 ± 3.262 | 0.412 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 100.6 ± 29.95 | 143.44 ± 19.23 | 161.14 ± 22.89c | 191.22 ± 40.89!!,§§ | < 0.0001 |
HC, healthy control; DNR, diabetic subjects without clinically evident retinopathy, MNPDR, early non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema; HRPDR, high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose, PPG, postprandial plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycatedhemoglobin; TCH, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides. The Kruskal Wallis nonparametric ANOVA followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test was administrated to find out significant differences between the groups. A value of p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
****, *** indicates HC vs DNR, p < 0.0001 and < 0.001 respectively
a, b, c indicates HC vs MNPDR, p < 0001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively
!!!!, !! Indicates HC vs HRPDR, and p < 0001respectively
§§ indicates DNR vs HRPDR, p < 0.01