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. 2022 Jun 1;2(6):100133. doi: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100133

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Reconstruction of chimpanzee genetic history

Major rivers and lakes (red lines) and the Dahomey gap (red shading) represent geographical barriers separating populations at different timescales.

(A) Formation of and migration between Pan species (chimpanzees and bonobos) and subspecies formation during the Middle Pleistocene; separation and migration events inferred in previous studies,6,8,38 additional gene flow into southern central populations was inferred here using admixfrog.

(B) Corridors of gene flow (arrows) during the Late Pleistocene and after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), when chimpanzee populations expanded from refugia;12,14 within subspecies based on migration surfaces obtained with EEMS and shared rare variation, between subspecies based on short IBD-like tracts (<0.5 Mbp) and shared fragments of ancestry inferred with admixfrog.

(C) Population connectivity and isolation during the Holocene; connectivity was determined by long (>0.5 Mbp) IBD-like fragments between sampling locations within subspecies and supported by presence or absence of shared rare variation; signatures of recent inbreeding are represented by long regions of homozygosity in individuals from a given sampling location. See also Figures S40–S53, S57–S60, S64, S66, S76–S79, S82–S85, and S92.