Table 1.
Descriptive Analyses of the Characteristics and HbA1c Level by Characteristics in Participants (n=647)
| Variable | Categories | n (%) | Median (IQR) | Z | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic | |||||
| Occupation status | Employed | 571 (88.3) | 5.10 (4.60–5.50) | −0.621 | 0.535 |
| Unemployed/Retired | 76 (11.7) | 5.00 (4.46–5.58) | |||
| Education level (years) | ≤9 | 551 (85.2) | 5.10 (4.60–5.50) | −1.531 | 0.126 |
| >9 | 96 (14.8) | 4.91 (4.40–5.40) | |||
| Family monthly income ($) | Low income (≤145) | 82 (12.7) | 5.20 (4.70–5.60) | −1.659 | 0.097 |
| Non-low income (>145) | 565 (87.3) | 5.00 (4.60–5.50) | |||
| Environmental health | |||||
| Living places | You County (less -developed) | 304 (47.0) | 5.10 (4.60–5.60) | −1.887 | 0.059 |
| Changsha County (developed) | 343 (53.0) | 5.00 (4.60–5.40) | |||
| Genetics | |||||
| Family history of diabetes | Yes | 64 (9.9) | 5.20 (4.90–5.55) | −1.659 | 0.097 |
| No | 583 (90.1) | 5.00 (4.60–5.50) | |||
| Anthropometric | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Normal (≤23.9) | 345 (53.3) | 5.00 (4.52–5.40) | −3.599 | <0.001 |
| Overweight or obese (≥24.0) | 302 (46.7) | 5.20 (4.70–5.69) | |||
| WC (cm) | Normal (<80) | 338 (52.1) | 5.00 (4.52–5.50) | −2.029 | 0.042 |
| Abdominal obese (≥80) | 309 (47.9) | 5.10 (4.70–5.60) | |||
| Healthy historical | |||||
| History of hypertension | Yes | 147 (22.7) | 5.15 (4.76–5.60) | −2.114 | 0.034 |
| No/Unknown | 500 (77.3) | 5.00 (4.60–5.50) | |||
| History of taking antihypertensive drugs | Yes | 98 (15.1) | 5.12 (4.70–5.60) | −1.436 | 0.151 |
| No | 549 (84.9) | 5.00 (4.60–5.50) | |||
| Reproductive | |||||
| History of fetal macrosomia | No | 525 (81.1) | 5.10 (4.60–5.50) | −0.008 | 0.994 |
| Yes | 122 (18.9) | 5.05 (4.60–5.50) | |||
| History of gestational diabetes mellitus | No/Unknown | 575 (88.9) | 5.00 (4.60–5.40) | −4.146 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 72 (11.1) | 5.35 (4.80–6.15) | |||
| Parity | 1 | 250 (38.6) | 4.96 (4.60–5.50) | −1.910 | 0.056 |
| ≥2 | 397 (61.4) | 5.10 (4.60–5.50) | |||
| Menopausal status | Premenopausal | 301 (46.5) | 5.00 (4.60–5.40) | −1.703 | 0.089 |
| Postmenopausal | 346 (53.5) | 5.10 (4.60–5.60) | |||
| Psychological | |||||
| Perceived stress | Low | 410 (63.3) | 5.00 (4.60–5.40) | −2.442 | 0.015 |
| High | 237 (36.6) | 5.20 (4.70–5.50) | |||
| Healthy behavioral | |||||
| Passive smoking | No passive smoking | 159 (24.6) | 5.10 (4.52–5.40) | −0.727 | 0.467 |
| Passive smoking | 488 (75.4) | 5.10 (4.60–5.50) | |||
| Doing activity such as brisk walking for at least 30 min each day | Yes | 139 (21.5) | 5.10 (4.60–5.40) | −0.104 | 0.918 |
| No | 508 (78.5) | 5.10 (4.60–5.50) | |||
| Eating five servings of vegetables or fruits a day | Yes | 337 (52.1) | 5.00 (4.52–5.50) | −0.573 | 0.567 |
| No | 310 (47.9) | 5.10 (4.70–5.50) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; IQR, interquartile range.