Fig. 2.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of cardiovascular disease incidence (A) and all-cause mortality (B) for joint associations of commuting mode and PM2.5 concentration, stratified by cohort and adjusted for age, gender, urban or rural resident, geographic region, per-capita household income, educational level, dietary habit, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, daily hours of moderate-vigorous physical activity and sitting, BMI, family history of CVD, status of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Higher and lower PM2.5 was categorized by the median of PM2.5 concentration among all study participants. The P-values for interaction were 0.055 and < 0.001 for CVD incidence and all-cause mortality, respectively. CVD, cardiovascular disease; PM2.5, fine particulate matter; BMI, body mass index.