Table 2.
Hazard ratios of cardiovascular diseases incidence associated with categories of commuting mode.
| Non-active | Active |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Walking | Cycling | ||
|
| |||
| CVD | |||
| No. of cases | 1317 | 643 | 270 |
| Incident rate, per 100,000 Pys | 514.5 | 641.7 | 300.1 |
| Model1: HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.94 (0.85–1.05) | 0.74 (0.64–0.85) |
| Model2: HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.95 (0.85–1.05) | 0.74 (0.64–0.85) |
| Model3: HR (95% CI) Stroke |
Ref. | 0.95 (0.85–1.05) | 0.71 (0.62–0.82) |
| No. of cases | 1003 | 476 | 199 |
| Incident rate, per 100,000 Pys | 391.6 | 474.7 | 221.0 |
| Model1: HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.94 (0.83–1.05) | 0.78 (0.66–0.91) |
| Model2: HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.77 (0.65–0.91) |
| Model3: HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.74 (0.62–0.87) |
| CHD | |||
| No. of cases | 203 | 128 | 58 |
| Incident rate, per 100,000 Pys | 79.0 | 126.8 | 64.3 |
| Model1: HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.03 (0.81–1.30) | 0.82 (0.60–1.13) |
| Model2: HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 1.01 (0.80–1.28) | 0.83 (0.61–1.14) |
| Model3: HR (95% CI) | Ref. | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 0.81 (0.59–1.12) |
Model1: adjusted for age, gender, urban or rural resident, geographic region, per-capita household income, educational level, and PM2.5 concentration. Model2: Further adjusted for dietary habit, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, daily hours of moderate-vigorous physical activity and sitting, and BMI. Model3: Further adjusted for family history of CVD, status of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. CVD, cardiovascular disease; Pys, person-years; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CHD, coronary heart disease; PM2.5, fine particulate matter; BMI, body mass index.