Table 3.

Hazard ratios of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality associated with categories of commuting mode.

	Non-Active	active Walking	Cycling
CVD-mortality
No. of cases	556	257	105
Incident rate, per 100,000 Pys	216.1	254.4	116.4
Model1: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.83 (0.71–0.98)	0.63 (0.50–0.78)
Model2: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.84 (0.71–0.98)	0.63 (0.50–0.79)
Model3: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.80 (0.68–0.95)	0.58 (0.46–0.73)
Stroke-mortality
No. of cases	290	132	60
Incident rate, per 100,000 Pys	391.6	474.7	221.0
Model1: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.82 (0.65–1.02)	0.76 (0.56–1.03)
Model2: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.83 (0.67–1.04)	0.77 (0.57–1.04)
Model3: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.80 (0.64–1.00)	0.67 (0.49–0.92)
CHD-mortality
No. of cases	140	83	28
Incident rate, per 100,000 Pys	106.6	199.4	118.8
Model1: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.91 (0.68–1.22)	0.57 (0.37–0.88)
Model2: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.89 (0.67–1.20)	0.57 (0.37–0.88)
Model3: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.84 (0.62–1.13)	0.54 (0.34–0.84)
All-cause mortality
No. of cases	1734	687	356
Incident rate, per 100,000 Pys	674.1	680.0	394.5
Model1: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.81 (0.73–0.89)	0.69 (0.61–0.78)
Model2: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.80 (0.73–0.88)	0.68 (0.60–0.77)
Model3: HR (95% CI)	Ref.	0.79 (0.72–0.87)	0.67 (0.59–0.76)

Model1: adjusted for age, gender, urban or rural resident, geographic region, per-capita household income, educational level, and PM_2.5 concentration. Model2: Further adjusted for dietary habit, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, daily hours of moderate-vigorous physical activity and sitting, and BMI. Model3: Further adjusted for family history of CVD, status of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. CVD, cardiovascular disease; Pys, person-years; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CHD, coronary heart disease; PM_2.5, fine particulate matter; BMI, body mass index.