Table 1.

Summary of GSM research.

Articles	Research findings	Theory
Guo et al., 2020	Chinese citizens' participatory behaviors on GSM after 2015 Tianjin explosions are motivated by external political efficacy, emotional support, civic skills, mobilization, and rumor control.	Civic voluntarism model
Liu & Xu, 2018	Governmental Facebook account actions can be grouped into four categories: providing official situational updates, responding to victims' inquiries, providing advice, and providing information for recovery.	Structuration theory
Chen et al., 2020	This study examines how media richness, dialogic loop, and content type impact citizen engagement with GSM during the COVID-19 crisis.	Media richness theory, dialogic communication theory
Wukich, 2016	Governmental agencies frequently post situational awareness information and protective action messages prior to security events transpiring.	N/A
Kaewkitipong et al., 2016	GSMs post different types of information pre-, during-, and post-crisis due to evolving information needs.	Structuration theory
Chatfield and Reddick, 2018	Governments should create multiple social media accounts to create a positive network effect to diffuse disaster information.	Organization theory of information processing
Liu et al., 2014	By analyzing 67 GSMs during a three-week period, this study identifies three messaging strategies: instructing information, adjusting information, and debunking inaccurate information.	Situational crisis communication theory
Song et al., 2015	Using the 2013 Seoul Floods as an example, this study states that obtaining timely, reliable information decreases anxiety and motivates users to participate in GSM.	N/A