Table 4.

Results of mixed linear models (LMMs) relating seedling damage to five treatments (excluding the chemical treatment) at the clear-cut site.

Treatment	Estimate	95% CI	SE	p
Control (Intercept)	− 0.321	− 0.58 to − 0.06	0.133	0.023
Collar	− 0.425	− 0.64 to − 0.17	0.135	0.006
Glue	− 0.807	− 1.06 to − 0.55	0.132	< 0.001
F wax	− 0.182	− 0.44 to 0.12	0.133	0.282
C wax	− 0.030	− 0.29 to 0.33	0.137	0.673
year 2019	0.589	0.37 to 0.81	0.11	< 0.001
year 2020	0.903	0.66 to 1.14	0.12	< 0.001