Table 5.
Heterogeneous effects by exposure to shocks induced by the pandemic.
|
Panel A: Business closures during the pandemic | |||||||||
| Business closure | Received Transfer | Resilience |
Food security |
Stress |
|||||
| Can cover a shock |
Enough resources (>week) |
Enough food (>week) |
Went hungry |
Eats less healthy |
Stressed (pandemic) |
Stressed (health) |
|||
| (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
|
| Business closure X Above cutoff | −0.0992∗ (0.0568) |
0.0497 (0.0575) |
−0.112∗ (0.0602) |
−0.0388 (0.0614) |
−0.0977∗∗ (0.0382) |
0.121∗ (0.0640) |
−0.00782 (0.0418) |
−0.0577∗ (0.0310) |
|
| Above cutoff | −0.0133 (0.0459) |
0.261∗∗∗ (0.0610) |
0.0261 (0.0610) |
0.206∗∗∗ (0.0623) |
0.134∗∗ (0.0640) |
−0.0335 (0.0379) |
−0.221∗∗∗ (0.0671) |
−0.0528 (0.0430) |
0.0151 (0.0330) |
| Business closure | 0.0381 (0.0336) |
−0.157∗∗∗ (0.0388) |
−0.0636 (0.0417) |
−0.0717∗ (0.0415) |
0.192∗∗∗ (0.0266) |
0.00255 (0.0448) |
0.0358 (0.0277) |
0.0311 (0.0222) |
|
| P-val (F-test of coefs = 0 within category) | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.16 | ||||||
| Mean (Below cutoff) | 0.69 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.46 | 0.89 | 0.94 |
| 0.56 | 0.86 | 0.49 | 0.60 | 0.89 | 0.48 | 0.71 | 1.21 | ||
| N |
1455 |
1455 |
1454 |
1455 |
1455 |
1455 |
1382 |
1436 |
1441 |
|
Panel B: Job loss during the pandemic | |||||||||
| Job loss | Received Transfer | Resilience |
Food security |
Stress |
|||||
| Can cover a shock |
Enough resources (>week) |
Enough food (>week) |
Went hungry |
Eats less healthy |
Stressed (pandemic) |
Stressed (health) |
|||
| (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
|
| Job Loss X Above cutoff | 0.0782 (0.0501) |
0.0673 (0.0459) |
−0.0324 (0.0520) |
−0.0263 (0.0514) |
−0.0500 (0.0419) |
−0.0213 (0.0567) |
0.00281 (0.0343) |
−0.0169 (0.0299) |
|
| Above cutoff | −0.0525 (0.0470) |
0.213∗∗∗ (0.0499) |
0.0531 (0.0489) |
0.158∗∗∗ (0.0493) |
0.0975∗ (0.0515) |
−0.0560∗ (0.0316) |
−0.0908∗ (0.0548) |
−0.0355 (0.0362) |
−0.0460 (0.0314) |
| Job Loss | −0.0282 (0.0300) |
−0.225∗∗∗ (0.0307) |
−0.161∗∗∗ (0.0353) |
−0.0767∗∗ (0.0345) |
0.255∗∗∗ (0.0299) |
0.119∗∗∗ (0.0390) |
0.0435∗ (0.0233) |
0.00191 (0.0188) |
|
| P-val (F-test of coefs = 0 within category) | 0.19 | 0.56 | 0.82 | ||||||
| Mean (Below cutoff) | 0.46 | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.46 | 0.89 | 0.94 |
| 0.51 | 0.63 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.59 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.51 | ||
| N | 1670 | 1670 | 1669 | 1670 | 1670 | 1670 | 1588 | 1653 | 1655 |
∗∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗∗p < 0.1.
Note: The table reports estimates corresponding to equation (2). Results for each outcome are reported in each column. All regressions include linear trends of the running variable on each side of the cutoff, as well as demographic controls, state fixed effects, and date-of-data-collection fixed effects. Demographic controls include the respondents' age, gender, civil status (single vs. married or cohabiting), and educational attainment (primary, secondary, college, graduate studies). We also control for household size and the number of school-age children in the household. All regressions are estimated using a bandwidth of 24 months before and after the eligibility threshold (60 years old in March 2020) and triangular kernels. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses. Panel A reports results using business closures during the pandemic as a measure of shocks. Observations of households without businesses before the pandemic are coded as missing. Panel B reports results using job losses as a measure of shocks. Observations of households that, before the pandemic, did not obtain income from paid work are coded as missing.