Table 2.
Factors influencing the uptake, frequency, and timing of antenatal care
| Factor type | Factor | Mentions n (%) | Article reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Predisposing | |||
| Education | 49 (40.5) | [17, 21, 23, 25–27, 30, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 41, 47, 49, 54, 60, 63, 65, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 106–130] | |
| Gender dynamics | 26 (21.5) | [17, 26, 30, 42–48, 50, 54, 56–58, 60, 65, 67, 72, 76, 110, 116, 131–134] | |
| Culture | 22 (18.1) | [22, 24, 36, 43, 46–48, 56, 57, 60, 65, 67, 68, 76, 77, 116, 121, 126, 131, 135–137] | |
| Region of residence (urban/rural) | 15 (12.4) | [25, 32, 35, 39, 51, 57, 69, 74, 77, 109, 123, 129, 138–140] | |
| Marital status | 14 (11.6) | [17, 33, 45–47, 54, 63, 73, 111, 117–119, 130, 131] | |
| Age | 14 (11.6) | [25, 27, 33, 35, 36, 71, 74, 113, 121–125, 128] | |
| Religion | 9 (7.43) | [17, 34, 37, 39, 47, 110, 123, 126, 141] | |
| Employment | 8 (6.61) | [17, 23, 30, 33, 40, 45, 63, 71] | |
| Health beliefs | 6 (4.96) | [22, 30, 49, 50, 77, 114] | |
| Ethnicity | 6 (4.96) | [34, 68, 69, 77, 112, 119] | |
| Enabling | |||
| Socioeconomic status | 68 (56.2) | [17, 21–23, 26, 27, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43–52, 55–58, 62, 63, 65–68, 71–74, 76–80, 105–107, 110–112, 116, 119, 122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 131, 134–138, 140, 142–147] | |
| Poor quality of ANC | 49 (40.5) | [17, 23, 25, 27, 32, 40, 42, 43, 50, 51, 53, 55, 57–60, 62–68, 72, 76, 79, 106, 110, 111, 113, 116, 118, 126, 127, 134–137, 139, 142, 146–154] | |
| Distance | 47 (38.8) | [17, 21, 25, 32, 34, 42–44, 47–52, 54–58, 61–63, 70, 71, 73, 74, 106, 110, 112, 113, 116, 118, 119, 121–123, 131, 134, 136, 137, 143, 147–150, 155, 156] | |
| Transportation | 14 (11.6) | [21, 27, 38, 43, 44, 48, 50, 53–57, 61, 147] | |
| Infrastructure/resources | 11 (9.09) | [27, 59, 61, 63, 67, 107, 134, 141, 142, 152, 154] | |
| Conflict | 9 (7.43) | [48, 68–71, 110, 137, 146, 157] | |
| Safety | 4 (3.31) | [48, 72, 110, 137] | |
| Need | |||
| Parity | 21 (17.4) | [17, 23, 25, 30, 33, 35, 40, 50, 54, 63, 70, 71, 73–76, 106, 117, 119, 124, 128] | |
| Previous complications | 5 (4.13) | [65, 77, 106, 123, 127] | |
| Other* | 49 (40.5) | [30–32, 36, 38, 45, 47, 50, 53, 64–66, 68, 73, 74, 76–81, 102, 105, 106, 108–110, 112, 113, 120, 122, 123, 125, 127, 130, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 153, 154, 156, 158–163] |
*Other factors include: Ebola, husband’s education and employment, interventions (i.e. performance-based financing), unwanted pregnancy, stigma, weather, traditional healers, media exposure, community advice, ignorance/negligence, awareness/knowledge, and contraception use