TABLE 3.
Results from stratified logistic regressions examining differences in identifying as following any meat-reduced dietary practice (i.e., vegetarian, vegan, or pescatarian) within each country (N = 41,607)1
| Australia (n = 7926) | Canada (n = 8031) | Mexico (n = 8110) | United Kingdom (n = 9129) | United States (n = 8411) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (99% CI) | AOR (99% CI) | AOR (99% CI) | AOR (99% CI) | AOR (99% CI) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Female vs. male | 1.24 (1.00–1.55)2 | 1.15 (0.90–1.46) | 0.67 (0.54–0.85)2 | 1.28 (1.04–1.58)2 | 0.81 (0.64–1.03) |
| Ethnicity3 | |||||
| Majority vs. minority group | 0.63 (0.48–0.83)2 | 0.59 (0.45–0.78)2 | 0.50 (0.39–0.65)2 | 0.59 (0.44–0.80)2 | 0.79 (0.61–1.01) |
| Year | |||||
| 2018 vs. 2019 | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 0.85 (0.65–1.07) | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 0.81 (0.66–0.99)2 | 0.96 (0.81–1.15) |
| Perceived income adequacy4 | |||||
| Adequate vs. inadequate | 0.74 (0.58–0.94)2 | 0.81 (0.62–1.06) | 0.95 (0.75–1.19) | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) |
| Education5 | |||||
| High vs. low | 1.66 (1.23–2.25)2 | 1.58 (1.15–2.18)2 | 0.98 (0.74–1.29) | 1.44 (1.13–1.83)2 | 1.53 (1.19–1.96)2 |
| High vs. medium | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) | 1.11 (0.86–1.43) | 0.96 (0.67–1.39) | 1.25 (0.99–1.57) | 1.61 (1.21–2.15)2 |
| Low vs. medium | 0.68 (0.51–0.90)2 | 0.70 (0.52–0.95)2 | 0.99 (0.66–1.48) | 0.87 (0.66–1.14) | 1.05 (0.77–1.45) |
| Age, years | |||||
| 18–29 vs. 30–44 | 1.22 (0.91–1.63) | 1.49 (1.10–2.02)2 | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) | 1.35 (1.03–1.77)2 | 0.83 (0.61–1.13) |
| 18–29 vs. 45–59 | 2.00 (1.45–2.76)2 | 2.63 (1.85–3.74)2 | 1.22 (0.90–1.65) | 2.00 (1.46–2.74)2 | 1.83 (1.27–2.64)2 |
| 18–29 vs. ≥60 | 2.33 (1.67–3.26)2 | 2.45 (1.71–3.51)2 | 0.87 (0.53–1.42) | 2.29 (1.67–3.13)2 | 2.49 (1.72–3.62)2 |
| 30–44 vs. 45–59 | 1.64 (1.21–2.22)2 | 1.77 (1.27–2.47)2 | 1.24 (0.92–1.66) | 1.48 (1.10–1.99)2 | 2.19 (1.57–3.07)2 |
| 30–44 vs. ≥60 | 1.92 (1.41–2.62)2 | 1.65 (1.18–2.30)2 | 0.88 (0.53–1.45) | 1.69 (1.25–2.27)2 | 2.99 (2.13–4.20)2 |
| 45–59 vs. ≥60 | 1.17 (0.84–1.63) | 0.93 (0.65–1.34) | 0.71 (0.42–1.21) | 1.14 (0.82–1.59) | 1.36 (0.92–2.01) |
| BMI | |||||
| <18.5 kg/m2 vs. 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 1.18 (0.66–2.08) | 1.48 (0.88–2.49) | 1.43 (0.78–2.60) | 1.10 (0.62–1.95) | 1.93 (1.12–3.31)2 |
| <18.5 kg/m2 vs. 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 1.23 (0.67–2.24) | 2.25 (1.29–3.92)2 | 1.69 (0.92–3.12) | 1.63 (0.90–2.96) | 3.23 (1.84–5.69)2 |
| <18.5 kg/m2 vs. ≥30 kg/m2 | 1.69 (0.90–3.17) | 2.80 (1.57–4.99)2 | 2.20 (1.12–4.32)2 | 2.23 (1.16–4.27)2 | 4.03 (2.20–7.36)2 |
| <18.5 kg/m2 vs. missing | 0.82 (0.44–1.51) | 1.46 (0.80–2.65) | 0.85 (0.45–1.59) | 1.02 (0.56–1.84) | 1.30 (0.72–2.33) |
| 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 vs. 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 1.05 (0.78–1.40) | 1.52 (1.12–2.07)2 | 1.19 (0.90–1.56) | 1.49 (1.14–1.94)2 | 1.68 (1.24–2.27)2 |
| 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 vs. ≥30 kg/m2 | 1.44 (1.02–2.03)2 | 1.90 (1.33–2.70)2 | 1.54 (1.03–2.30)2 | 2.03 (1.39–2.96)2 | 2.09 (1.45–3.00)2 |
| 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 vs. missing | 0.70 (0.50–0.97)2 | 0.99 (0.67–1.45) | 0.60 (0.43–0.82)2 | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | 0.67 (0.48–0.94)2 |
| 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 vs. ≥30 kg/m2 | 1.37 (0.96–1.96) | 1.25 (0.87–1.79) | 1.30 (0.86–1.96) | 1.37 (0.91–2.04) | 1.25 (0.84–1.84) |
| 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 vs. missing | 0.67 (0.47–0.95)2 | 0.65 (0.43–0.98)2 | 0.50 (0.36–0.71)2 | 0.62 (0.46–0.85)2 | 0.40 (0.27–0.58)2 |
| ≥30 kg/m2 vs. missing | 0.49 (0.33–0.72)2 | 0.52 (0.34–0.81)2 | 0.39 (0.25–0.60)2 | 0.46 (0.31–0.68)2 | 0.32 (0.21–0.49)2 |
The second category is the reference category. AOR, adjusted odds ratio.
Significant at a P value < 0.01 in adjusted models.
Ethnic categories in each country as per census questions asked in each country: 1) in Australia, majority indicates the participant only speaks English at home and minority indicates they speaks a language besides English at home; 2) in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, majority indicates the participant is White and minority indicates they are of another ethnicity; and 3) in Mexico, majority indicates the participant is nonindigenous and minority indicates they are indigenous.
Respondents were asked “thinking about your total monthly income, how difficult or easy is it for you to make ends meet?” Response options “very easy,” “easy,” and “neither easy nor difficult” were categorized as adequate incomes, and response options “difficult” and “very difficult” were categorized as inadequate incomes.
Education level was categorized as low (i.e., completed secondary school or less), medium (i.e., some postsecondary qualifications), or high (i.e., university degree or higher) according to country-specific criteria related to the highest level of formal education attained.