Table 2.

Reported cases of IgA vasculitis related to COVID-19

Case	Age (years); sex (M/F)	Medical history	COVID-19 symptoms (diagnosis); time to vasculitis onset	Clinical characteristics	Non-GC immuno-modulators and biological therapies	Outcome follow-up
Li et al. [24]	30; M	None	Upper respiratory tract symptoms (RT-PCR +); concomitant	Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, IgA nephropathy, abdominal pain and arthralgia	None	Asymptomatic. Preserved renal function and dramatically reduced proteinuria
Suso et al. [25]	78; M	Hypertension, dyslipidemia, aortic valve stenosis, and bladder cancer in remission	Pneumonia (RT-PCR +); 3 weeks	Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, IgA nephropathy, and arthritis	Rituximab	On discharge, serum creatinine had improved, but the patient persisted with proteinuria and hematuria. Cutaneous purpura markedly improved
Hoskins et al. [26]	2; M	None	Asymptomatic (RT-PCR +); concomitant	Leukocytoclastic vasculitis with IgA deposits, abdominal pain and hematochezia	None	Complete resolution of skin findings; abdominal symptoms also resolved
Allez et al. [27]	24; M	Crohn’s disease	Asymptomatic (RT-PCR +); concomitant	Leukocytoclastic vasculitis with IgA deposits, abdominal pain and arthritis	None	Unknown
Barbetta et al. [28]	62; M	None	Pneumonia (RT-PCR +); 10 days	Leukocytoclastic vasculitis with IgA deposits, IgA nephropathy, abdominal pain and hematochezia	None	Improvement of renal function and progressive remission of abdominal pain and skin purpura
AlGhoozi et al. [29]	4; M	None	Upper respiratory tract symptoms; (RT-PCR +); 5 weeks	Palpable purpura and arthralgia	None	At one week the rash was still present bilaterally, but he had remained pain free
Sandhu et al. [30]	22; M	None	Asymptomatic (RT-PCR +); concomitant	Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, arthritis, IgA nephropathy, abdominal pain and vomiting	Mycophenolate mofetil	Cutaneous lesions, joint involvement and abdominal symptoms resolved, urinalysis normalized after 2 weeks
Jacobi et al. [31]	3; M	Corrected Hirschsprung disease	Asymptomatic (RT-PCR +); concomitant	Palpable purpura and abdominal pain	None	Abdominal pain responded well to glucocorticoids on discharge
Huang et al. [32]	65; F	Hypertension	Pneumonia (RT-PCR +); concomitant	IgA nephropathy	None	Asymptomatic 3 months later, eGFR normal, UACR 33.61 mg/g
El Hasbani et al. [33]	16; M	None	Upper respiratory tract symptoms (RT-PCR +); concomitant	Palpable purpura, abdominal pain and hematochezia	None	Rapid clinical improvement
Nakandakari et al. [34]	4; F	None	Upper respiratory tract symptoms (IgM/ IgG +); 8 days	Palpable purpura, abdominal pain and hematochezia	None	Progressive decrease in abdominal pain and purpuric lesions
Falou et al. [35]	8; M	None	Asymptomatic (RT-PCR +); concomitant	Palpable purpura	None	Rash and ankle pain resolved
Oñate et al. [36]	87; M	Hypertensive cardiomyopathy	Upper respiratory tract symptoms (IgG +); 2 months	Leukocytoclastic vasculitis with IgA deposits and nephropathy (without biopsy)	None	At 5 months of follow-up, he had complete recovery of renal function
Oñate et al. [36]	64; F	Hypertension, CKD	Pneumonia (RT-PCR +); 9 months	IgA nephropathy	Cyclophosphamide	At 4 months of follow-up, the patient had improvement in renal function and reduced proteinuria
Oñate et al. [36]	84; M	Hypertension, dyslipidemia, COPD, CHF	Pneumonia (RT-PCR +); concomitant	Palpable purpura and IgA nephropathy	Mycophenolate mofetil	At 10 months of follow-up, the patient partially recovered kidney function with negative proteinuria and maintains microhematuria
Current case	27; M	Previous IgA vasculitis	Asymptomatic (RT-PCR +); 4–5 weeks	Flare of IgA vasculitis (palpable purpura, arthralgia and IgA nephropathy)	Azathioprine	Complete cutaneous and renal response

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, CHF congestive heart failure, eGFR glomerular filtration rate, F female, GC glucocorticoids, M male, RT-PCR reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, UACR urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio