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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Immunol Rev. 2022 Mar 14;308(1):149–167. doi: 10.1111/imr.13075

FIGURE 6.

FIGURE 6

A. Representation of fetal membranes. The chorio-decidual region is shown in the box with broken lines. B. Chorion trophoblast cells (CTC) in culture for 48 h (left), treated with exosomes from amnion epithelial cells (AEC) grown under normal cell culture conditions (middle), or treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) treated oxidatively stressed (OS) AEC-derived exosomes. Exosomes from OS stressed AECs transitioned CTCs to CMCs. C. NETosis induction by exosomes: Representative images from a study using neutrophils from healthy pregnant subjects. Control cells do not show NETosis. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and CSE-treated AEC-derived exosomes induced a higher number of NETosis compared to control AEC-derived exosomes. D. Flow cytometry. Decidual CD45+ cells were examined after treatment with senescent AEC exosomes. CD14, CD3, and CD66b antibodies were tested for NK cells, neutrophils, and monocytes. Compared to normal AEC-derived exosomes, CSE-treated AEC exosomes increased CD66b+ cells, whereas no change in CD14+ and CD3+ cells were seen. Figure 6A is a drawing by Dr. Lauren Richardson (Assistant Professor, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston)