Table 17.

Optimum tilt angle for selected locations across the globe using derived models and models from literature for comparison.

Cities	Lat	Jacobson & Jadhav [23]	M14 (Present study)	Talebizadeh et al. [67]	Jamil et al. [54]	Cities	Lat	Jacobson & Jadhav [23]	M14 (Present study)	Talebizadeh et al. [67]	Jamil et al. [54]
Reykjavik	64.1	43	46	51	52	Innsbruck, Austria	42.27	42.3	37	32	36
Karachi, Pakistan	24.9	25	21	24	26	Kunas	54.88	54.9	33	40	45
S Maria Di Leuca	39.7	30	31	34	36	St Hubert	50.03	50.0	35	37	41
Algiers	36.7	31	29	32	34	Thessolonica	40.52	40.5	33	31	35
Gerona, Spain	41.9	37	32	36	37	Kuala Lumpur	3.12	3.1	1	8	9
Harare, Zimbabwe	−17.9	−22	−17	−19	−21	Gan Island	0.68	0.7	−2	−6	−8
Fort-De-France	14.6	14	15	17	19	Dakar, Senegal	14.73	14.7	14	15	17
Buenos Sires	−34.8	−30	−28	−31	−32	CozzoSpadaro	36.68	36.7	28	29	32
Tabriz, Iran	38.1	30	30	33	35	Kwajelein Atoll	8.73	8.7	12	11	13
Darwin	−12.4	−18	−14	−16	−17	Dakar, Senegal	14.73	14.7	14	15	17
Perth	−31.9	−27	−26	−29	−31	Antananarivo	−18.8	−18.8	−18	−18	−20
Sydney	−34.0	−31	−27	−30	−32	Mexico City	19.43	19.4	17	18	20
Graz	47.0	33	35	39	41	Belize	17.53	17.5	16	17	19
Tabriz, Iran	38.1	30	30	33	35	Guam, Hi	13.55	13.6	14	14	16
Saua La Grande	22.8	21	20	23	24	Odessa, Ukraine	46.45	46.5	31	35	39
Riyaadh	24.7	26	21	24	26	Nice, France	43.65	43.7	35	33	37
Chittagong	22.3	25	20	22	24	Ulaanbaatar	47.93	47.9	43	36	40
Fort-De-France	14.6	14	15	17	19	Podgorica	42.37	42.4	36	32	36
Minsk	53.9	32	39	44	45	Casablance	33.37	33.4	28	27	30
Saint Hubert	50.0	35	37	41	43	Johannesburg	−26.1	−26.1	−29	−22	−25
Belize	17.5	16	17	19	21	Bangkok, Thailand	13.92	13.9	15	15	17
Accra, Ghana	5.6	6	9	11	13	Cape Town	−34	−34.0	−30	−27	−30
Pagri, China	27.7	32	23	26	28	Kwajelein Atoll	8.73	8.7	12	11	13
La Paz	−16.5	−22	−16	−18	−20	Kathandu	27.7	27.7	29	23	26
Banja Luka	44.8	33	34	38	39	Beek	50.92	50.9	34	38	42
Johannestburg	−26.1	−29	−22	−25	−27	Aukland	−37	−37.0	−30	−29	−32
Manaus	−3.1	−7	−8	−9	−11	Rivas	11.42	11.4	14	13	15
Rio De Janeiro	−22.9	−22	−20	−23	−24	Accra, Ghana	5.6	5.6	6	9	11
Bandar Seri Begwa	4.9	5	9	11	12	Accra, Ghana	5.6	5.6	6	9	11
Plovdiv	42.1	30	32	36	37	Oslo	59.9	59.9	40	43	48
Accra, Ghana	5.6	6	9	11	13	Abu Dhabi, UAE	24.43	24.4	25	21	24
Kisii, Kenya	−0.7	−3	−6	−8	−10	Karachi	24.9	24.9	25	21	24
Dkar, Senegal	14.7	14	15	17	19	Koror	7.33	7.3	8	10	12
Bangkok,Thailand	13.9	15	15	17	18	Jerusalem	31.87	31.9	28	26	29
Accra, Ghana	5.6	6	9	11	13	Rivas, Nicaragua	11.42	11.4	14	13	15
Calgari	51.1	45	38	42	43	Wiepa, Australia	−12.7	−12.7	−17	−14	−16
Vancouver	49.2	34	37	41	42	Asuncion	−25.3	−25.3	−23	−22	−24
Montreal	45.5	37	34	38	40	Lima	−12	−12.0	−7	−13	−15
Accra, Ghana	5.6	6	9	11	13	Manila	14.52	14.5	9	15	17
Accra, Ghana	5.6	6	9	11	13	Bielsko-Biala	49.67	49.7	31	37	41
Antofagasta	−23.4	−22	−21	−23	−25	Lisbon	38.73	38.7	35	30	34
Beijin	39.9	37	31	34	36	Abu Dhabi, UAE	24.43	24.4	25	21	24
Shanghai	31.2	23	25	28	30	Bucharest	44.5	44.5	32	34	37
Lhasa	29.7	31	24	27	29	St Petersburg	59.97	60.0	40	43	48
Kunming	25.0	25	21	24	26	Moscow	55.75	55.8	37	41	45
Bogota	4.7	5	9	10	12	Omsk	54.93	54.9	42	40	45
Antananarivo	−18.8	−18	−18	−20	−22	Kisii, Kenya	−0.67	−0.7	−3	−6	−8
Accra, Ghana	5.6	6	9	11	13	Charlotte Amilie	18.35	18.4	18	17	20
Harare, Zimbabwe	−17.9	−22	−17	−19	−21	Fort-De-France	14.6	14.6	14	15	17
Rivas, Nicaragua	11.4	14	13	15	17	Nadi, Fiji	−17.8	−17.8	−18	−17	−19
Ancona, Italy	43.6	30	33	37	38	Rimini, Italy	44.03	44.0	31	33	37
Sancti Spiritus	21.9	21	20	22	24	Accra, Ghana	5.6	5.6	6	9	11
Larnaca	34.9	30	28	31	33	Riyadh	24.7	24.7	24	21	24
Ostrava	49.7	33	37	41	42	Dakar	14.73	14.7	14	15	17
Copenhagen	55.6	36	41	45	46	Belgrade	44.82	44.8	34	34	38
Combolcha/Dessie	11.1	15	13	15	17	Lamu/MandaIslanda	−2.27	−2.3	−2	−7	−9
Fort-De-France	14.6	14	15	17	19	Dakar, Senegal	14.73	14.7	14	15	17
AquadillaBorinquen	18.5	20	17	20	22	Singapore	1.37	1.4	0	7	8
Carasca Venezuela	10.6	10	12	14	16	Kosice	48.7	48.7	33	36	40
Quito	−0.2	−3	−6	−7	−9	Ljubljana	46.22	46.2	29	35	39
Aswan	24.0	24	21	24	25	Wiepa, Australia	−12.7	−12.7	−17	−14	−16
Ilopango	13.7	18	14	17	18	Marsabit, Kenya	2.3	2.3	4	7	9
Accra, Ghana	5.6	6	9	11	13	Lowdar, Kenya	3.12	3.1	5	8	9
Gondar, Ethiopia	12.5	18	14	16	18	Johannesburg	−26.1	−26.1	−29	−22	−25
Helsinki	60.3	39	44	48	50	Cape Town	−34	−34.0	−30	−27	−30
Gondar	12.5	18	14	16	18	Castellon	39.95	40.0	36	31	34
Nadi	−17.8	−18	−17	−19	−21	Ceuta	35.89	35.9	31	28	32
Helsinki	60.3	39	44	48	50	Colombo	6.82	6.8	9	10	12
Lyon	45.7	30	34	38	40	Fort-De-France	14.6	14.6	14	15	17
Bordeaux	44.8	33	34	38	39	Gondar, Ethiopia	12.53	12.5	18	14	16
Accra, Ghana	5.6	6	9	11	13	Boa Vista Brazil	2.83	2.8	6	8	9
Dkar, Senegal	14.7	14	15	17	19	Johannesburg	−26.1	−26.1	−29	−22	−25
Tabriz, Iran	38.1	30	30	33	35	Stockholm	59.65	59.7	41	43	48
Cologne	50.9	32	38	42	43	Geneva	46.25	46.3	32	35	39
Munich	48.1	33	36	40	41	Damascus	33.42	33.4	29	27	30
Accra, Ghana	5.6	6	9	11	13	Taipei	25.07	25.1	17	22	24
Ceuta, Spain	35.9	31	28	32	33	Tashkent	41.27	41.3	32	32	35
Athens	37.9	29	30	33	35	Makindu, Kenya	−2.28	−2.3	−4	−7	−9
Guatemala City	14.6	18	15	17	19	Bangkok	13.92	13.9	15	15	17
Dakar, Senegal	14.7	14	15	17	19	Darwin, Asutralia	−12.4	−12.4	−18	−14	−16
Dakar, Senegal	14.7	14	15	17	19	Accra, Ghana	5.6	5.6	6	9	11
Boa Vista (Civ/Mil)	2.8	6	8	9	11	Nadi, Fiji	−17.8	−17.8	−18	−17	−19
Punta Maisi, Cuba	20.3	19	19	21	23	Fort-De-France	14.6	14.6	14	15	17
Catacamas	14.9	15	15	17	19	Tunis	36.83	36.8	28	29	32
Hong Kong	22.3	20	20	22	24	Ankara	40.12	40.1	29	31	35
Debrecen	47.5	30	36	40	41	Tabriz, Iran	38.05	38.1	30	30	33
Rajkot	22.3	24	20	22	24	Tehran Mehrabad	35.41	35.4	31	28	31
Chennai	13.1	13	14	16	18	Nadi, Fiji	−17.8	−17.8	−18	−17	−19
Bandar Seri Begawan	4.9	5	9	11	12	Kisii, Kenya	−0.67	−0.7	−3	−6	−8
Tehran	35.4	31	28	31	33	Kiev	50.4	50.4	35	37	41
Yadz	31.9	26	26	29	30	Odessa	46.45	46.5	31	35	39
Kilkenny	52.7	30	39	43	44	Rleigh, NC	35.86	35.9	32	28	32
Be'Er'Sheva	31.3	29	25	28	30	Bakershfirld,CA	35.43	35.4	29	28	31
Ctania	37.5	27	29	33	34	Austin,TX	30.29	30.3	28	25	28
Accra, Ghana	5.6	6	9	11	13	Abu Dhabi	24.43	24.4	25	21	24
Kingston De Cuba	20.0	20	18	21	22	Heemsby	52.68	52.7	34	39	43
Osaka	34.8	30	28	31	32	London	51.15	51.2	34	38	42
Jerusalem, Israel	31.9	28	26	29	30	Montevideo	−34.8	−34.8	−32	−28	−31
Tashkent	41.3	32	32	35	37	Tashken	41.27	41.3	32	32	35
Nairobi	−1.3	4	7	8	10	Nadi, Fiji	−17.8	−17.8	−18	−17	−19
Kwajalein Atoll	8.7	12	11	13	15	Roma, Ciampino	41.8	41.8	30	32	36
Kwanju	35.1	29	28	31	33	Carascas	10.6	10.6	10	12	14
Pyongyang	39.0	36	30	34	35	Hanoi	21.2	21.2	16	19	22
Podgorica	42.4	36	32	36	38	Gondar, Ethiopia	12.53	12.5	18	14	16
Shira, Iran	29.5	26	24	27	29	Harare, Zimbabwe	−17.9	−17.9	−22	−17	−19
Kashi, China	39.5	35	31	34	36	Damascus, Syria	33.4	29	27	30	32
Hanoi, Vietnam	21.1	16	19	22	23	Johannesburg	−26.1	−29	−22	−25	−27
Kaunas, Lithuania	54.9	33	40	45	46	Dakar, Senegal	14.7	14	15	17	19