The pandemic that shocked managers across the world: The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on leadership behavior

. 2022 Jun 13:101630. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2022.101630

	Directive leadership
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
March 1st	0.133^***	0.138^***	0.112^***	0.036	0.204^***	0.163^***	0.095*
	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.039)	(0.064)	(0.061)	(0.042)	(0.052)
Management low	0.033*	0.020	0.039*	0.031	0.039*	0.039*	0.039*
	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.021)	(0.022)	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)
Management mid	−0.007	−0.017	−0.020	−0.023	−0.021	−0.021	−0.020
	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.020)	(0.021)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.020)
Female	0.031*	0.035^**	0.037^**	0.037^**	0.037^**	0.036^**	0.037^**
	(0.016)	(0.016)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.018)
Age	−0.038^***	−0.042^***	−0.032^***	−0.032^***	−0.031^***	−0.032^***	−0.032^***
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)
Native	−0.062^***	−0.066^***	−0.123^***	−0.124^***	−0.124^***	−0.122^***	−0.123^***
	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.023)
WFHP high		−0.092^***	−0.067^***	−0.066^***	−0.057^***	−0.064^***	−0.067^***
		(0.017)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)
WFHP mid		0.005	−0.041	−0.042	−0.039	−0.040	−0.041
		(0.024)	(0.027)	(0.027)	(0.028)	(0.027)	(0.027)
GDP			−0.174	−0.176	−0.172	−0.175	−0.175
			(0.298)	(0.298)	(0.298)	(0.298)	(0.298)
Power distance			0.008^**	0.008^**	0.008^**	0.008^**	0.008^**
			(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
deaths_pop			−0.004	−0.004	−0.004	−0.004	−0.004
			(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
March 1st: Management low				0.175*
				(0.092)
March 1st:Management mid				0.051
				(0.097)
March 1st:WFHP high					−0.184^**
					(0.084)
March 1st:WFHP mid					−0.053
					(0.127)
March 1st:deaths_pop						0.004^***
						(0.001)
March 1st:power distance							−0.002
							(0.003)
Constant	3.539^***	3.595^***	5.152	5.178	5.130	5.158	5.161
	(0.085)	(0.086)	(3.162)	(3.159)	(3.162)	(3.155)	(3.161)

Observations	8,748	8,748	6,709	6,709	6,709	6,709	6,709
R²
Adjusted R²
Log Likelihood	−9,046.210	−9,036.694	−6,688.333	−6,689.433	−6,688.609	−6,688.937	−6,693.044
Akaike Inf. Crit.	18,110.420	18,095.390	13,404.670	13,410.870	13,409.220	13,407.880	13,416.090
Bayesian Inf. Crit.	18,174.110	18,173.230	13,500.020	13,519.840	13,518.200	13,510.040	13,518.260

Note: *p^**p^***p < 0.01.