Table 2.

Patient-reported outcome measures of pain, pain-related disability, and health-related quality of life in 453 patients presenting for preoperative assessment of lumbar and cervical spine conditions, stratified by preoperative cognitive impairment.

PROa	Mean ± Standard Deviation Score				pb
	No Cognitive Impairment (n = 368)	Mild Cognitive Impairment (n = 38)	Moderate Cognitive Impairment (n = 27)	Severe Cognitive Impairment (n = 20)
Pain NRS
Armc	5.2 ± 3.5	5.5 ± 3.2	5.7 ± 3.0	5.3 ± 2.8	.627
Backd	7.3 ± 2.7	8.3 ± 2.0	8.2 ± 2.4	8.9 ± 1.2	.005
Legc	5.9 ± 3.4	6.4 ± 3.5	6.4 ± 3.8	6.6 ± 3.7	.470
Neckd	6.1 ± 3.0	6.9 ± 2.9	6.1 ± 3.8	8.9 ± 1.6	.025
Disability
NDIc	36 ± 17	44 ± 13	52 ± 14	61 ± 9.7	<.001
ODId	42 ± 17	51 ± 15	57 ± 11	59 ± 11	<.001
PROMIS-29
Anxiety	51 ± 9.2	57 ± 10	57 ± 10	59 ± 16	<.001
Depression	49 ± 8.6	56 ± 8.6	56 ± 8.9	60 ± 7.0	<.001
Fatigue	53 ± 9.2	61 ± 6.9	60 ± 7.9	64 ± 9.5	<.001
Pain interference	64 ± 7.4	67 ± 5.1	68 ± 5.9	71 ± 4.5	<.001
Physical function	37 ± 6.8	35 ± 6.0	33 ± 5.8	32 ± 4.6	<.001
Sleep disturbance	55 ± 8.1	59 ± 8.9	62 ± 7.0	62 ± 9.8	<.001
Social roles	43 ± 8.3	39 ± 5.0	39 ± 7.9	34 ± 5.0	<.001

NDI, Neck Disability Index; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; PRO, patient-reported outcomes; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System.

^aPRO scores reflect amount of domain measured, with higher scores indicating more of that domain. For example, higher NDI values reflect more disability.

^bMultivariable regression adjusted for age, gender, comorbid conditions, living alone, and opioid use during the past 30 days.

^cAvailable for 157 patients seen for a condition of the cervical spine.

^dAvailable for 334 patients seen for a condition of the lumbar spine.