Table 3:
Summary of Moderation Models
| Increase in Internalizing Problems b (SE) |
Increase in Externalizing Problems b (SE) |
Change in Substance Use b (SE) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderation of Internalizing Problems in Adolescence Relation: | ||||||
| By Confidence in Government’s Pandemic Response | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | 0.1 (0.04)* | 0.09 (0.05) | −0.08 (0.04)* | [3,8] | ||
| Confidence in Government | −0.08 (0.04)* | −0.12 (0.04)** | [6] | −0.05 (0.04) | ||
| Internalizing*Government Confidence | −0.05 (0.03) | [3] | −0.01 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.03) | [8] | |
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 71.39 (60), p=0.15 | 71.16 (67), p=0.34 | 65.26 (66), p=0.5 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| CFI | 0.93 | 0.95 | 1 | |||
| SRMR | 0.03 | 0.031 | 0.031 | |||
| By Gender | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | 0.13 (0.05)* | 0.09 (0.06) | −0.04 (0.04) | [3,8] | ||
| Male | −0.65 (0.08)** | [4,5,8] | −0.28 (0.07)** | −0.1 (0.05) | ||
| Internalizing*Male | −0.06 (0.07) | −0.01 (0.08) | −0.06 (0.05) | |||
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 67.56 (64), p=0.36 | 72.08 (68), p=0.34 | 67.84 (67), p=0.45 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |||
| CFI | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.98 | |||
| SRMR | 0.03 | 0.034 | 0.032 | |||
| By Parental Education | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | 0.11 (0.04)** | 0.09 (0.05) | −0.06 (0.04) | [3,8] | ||
| Parental Education | 0.06 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | [9] | 0.07 (0.03)* | ||
| Internalizing*Parental Education | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.03) | |||
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 66.79 (63), p=0.35 | 69.78 (68), p=0.42 | 67.07 (67), p=0.47 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0 | |||
| CFI | 0.97 | 0.98 | 1 | |||
| SRMR | 0.03 | 0.033 | 0.032 | |||
| Moderation of Externalizing Problems in Adolescence Relation: | ||||||
| By Confidence in Government’s Pandemic Response | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | −0.03 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.04) | [3,8] | ||
| Confidence in Government | −0.08 (0.04)* | −0.12 (0.04)** | [6] | −0.04 (0.04) | ||
| Internalizing*Government Confidence | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.07 (0.05) | [2] | ||
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 68.31 (61), p=0.24 | 70.47 (67), p=0.36 | 67.71 (64), p=0.35 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||
| CFI | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.94 | |||
| SRMR | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||
| By Gender | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.08) | [3,8] | ||
| Male | −0.66 (0.08)** | [4,5,8] | −0.28 (0.07)** | −0.12 (0.06)* | ||
| Internalizing*Male | −0.08 (0.07) | −0.08 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.07) | [7] | ||
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 70.73 (64), p=0.26 | 66.91 (68), p=0.51 | 67.3 (65), p=0.4 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.03 | 0 | 0.02 | |||
| CFI | 0.95 | 1 | 0.96 | |||
| SRMR | 0.04 | 0.034 | 0.029 | |||
| By Parental Education | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | −0.03 (0.05) | 0 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | [3,8] | ||
| Parental Education | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | [9] | 0.11 (0.04)** | [3] | |
| Internalizing*Parental Education | −0.09 (0.04)* | [3] | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.04) | [2] | |
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 66.98 (63), p=0.34 | 69.18 (67), p=0.4 | 66.16 (66), p=0.47 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| CFI | 0.97 | 0.97 | 1 | |||
| SRMR | 0.03 | 0.032 | 0.032 | |||
| Moderation of Risk-Taking in Adolescence Relation: | ||||||
| By Confidence in Government’s Pandemic Response | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | −0.15 (0.05)** | [3,9] | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.03) | [1] | |
| Confidence in Government | −0.11 (0.04)** | −0.13 (0.04)** | [6] | −0.05 (0.04) | [1] | |
| Internalizing*Government Confidence | 0.01 (0.04) | [4,7] | −0.03 (0.03) | [7] | 0.02 (0.04) | [1] |
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 65.41 (61), p=0.33 | 70.7 (66), p=0.32 | 64.73 (64), p=0.45 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |||
| CFI | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.99 | |||
| SRMR | 0.03 | 0.031 | 0.03 | |||
| By Gender | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | −0.01 (0.06) | [9] | 0.07 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.03) | ||
| Male | −0.62 (0.07)** | [5,8] | −0.28 (0.07)** | −0.09 (0.05) | ||
| Internalizing*Male | −0.11 (0.07) | [4] | −0.2 (0.07)** | −0.08 (0.05) | [1] | |
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 71.28 (64), p=0.25 | 68.42 (68), p=0.46 | 67.87 (67), p=0.45 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||
| CFI | 0.95 | 1 | 0.98 | |||
| SRMR | 0.03 | 0.034 | 0.033 | |||
| By Parental Education | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | −0.09 (0.04) | [4,9] | −0.03 (0.04) | 0 (0.03) | ||
| Parental Education | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.04) | [9] | 0.04 (0.03) | [9] | |
| Internalizing*Parental Education | 0.06 (0.04) | [8,9] | 0.05 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.03) | ||
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 68.13 (59), p=0.19 | 69.22 (67), p=0.40 | 66.65 (65), p=0.42 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |||
| CFI | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.97 | |||
| SRMR | 0.05 | 0.044 | 0.046 | |||
| Moderation of Well-being in Adolescence Relation: | ||||||
| By Confidence in Government’s Pandemic Response | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | 0.11 (0.04)** | [3,9] | −0.17 (0.04)** | [6] | −0.04 (0.03) | [1] |
| Confidence in Government | −0.07 (0.04) | −0.15 (0.04)** | [6] | −0.05 (0.04) | [1] | |
| Internalizing*Government Confidence | 0.05 (0.04) | [4,6] | 0.13 (0.04)** | [8] | 0.01 (0.03) | [1] |
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 67.95 (61), p=0.25 | 71.09 (68), p=0.38 | 58.03 (63), p=0.65 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0 | |||
| CFI | 0.95 | 0.96 | 1 | |||
| SRMR | 0.03 | 0.034 | 0.029 | |||
| By Gender | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | 0.13 (0.05)* | [3,9] | −0.04 (0.05) | [9] | 0.01 (0.03) | |
| Male | −0.66 (0.08)** | [4,5,8] | −0.28 (0.07)** | −0.11 (0.05)* | ||
| Internalizing*Male | −0.04 (0.06) | −0.06 (0.07) | −0.15 (0.05)** | |||
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 70.97 (64), p=0.26 | 71.64 (68), p=0.36 | 71.2 (69), p=0.4 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||
| CFI | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.96 | |||
| SRMR | 0.03 | 0.034 | 0.034 | |||
| By Parental Education | ||||||
| Internalizing Problems in Adolescence | 0.11 (0.04)** | [3,9] | −0.08 (0.04) | [9] | −0.04 (0.03) | |
| Parental Education | 0.06 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | [9] | 0.09 (0.03)** | ||
| Internalizing*Parental Education | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.03)* | [8] | 0.02 (0.03) | [1] | |
| Model Fit Statistics | ||||||
| Chi Square (DOF), p-value | 70.41 (64), p=0.27 | 66.44 (67), p=0.50 | 67.88 (66), p=0.41 | |||
| RMSEA | 0.03 | 0 | 0.01 | |||
| CFI | 0.95 | 1 | 0.97 | |||
| SRMR | 0.03 | 0.031 | 0.031 | |||
Only the predictors relevant to moderation are present here; however, the complete set of predictors (as seen in Table 2) were included in these models. The numbers in brackets indicate countries for which the relation differs (1=China, 2=Colombia, 3=Italy, 4=Jordan, 5=Kenya, 6=Philippines, 7=Sweden, 8=Thailand, 9=US). The complete results are found in Supplemental Tables 2–13. b=standardized coefficient.
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01.