Table 2.
Long-term outcomes according to the presence of sepsis
| At 3 monthsd | At 6 monthse | p interactionb | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sepsis (n = 282) | No sepsis (n = 606) | Absolute differencea (95% CI) | p value | Sepsis (n = 282) | No sepsis (n = 606) | Absolute differencea (95% CI) | p value | ||
| WHODAS score, % | 31.8 ± 23.5 | 24.0 ± 22.0 | MD, 3.00 (− 1.42 to 7.42) | 0.184 | 26.1 ± 22.1 | 21.5 ± 21.1 | MD, − 1.40 (− 6.03 to 3.23) | 0.554 | 0.020 |
| Disability—no. (%) | 73/129 (56.6) | 145/348 (41.7) | RD, 5.88 (− 4.11 to 15.90) | 0.248 | 52/118 (44.1) | 126/330 (38.2) | RD, − 2.44 (− 13.08 to 8.20) | 0.653 | 0.111 |
| New disabilityc—no. (%) | 50/126 (39.7) | 114/344 (33.1) | RD, 5.29 (− 4.45 to 15.00) | 0.287 | 42/106 (39.6) | 106/300 (35.3) | RD, 0.00 (− 10.29 to 10.40) | 0.995 | 0.272 |
| New disability or death—no. (%) | 146/222 (65.8) | 231/461 (50.1) | RD, 5.22 (− 4.52 to 15.00) | 0.293 | 142/206 (68.9) | 228/422 (54.0) | RD, 0.83 (− 9.47 to 11.10) | 0.874 | 0.360 |
| EuroQol-visual analogue scale | 61.0 ± 24.3 | 67.4 ± 22.9 | MD, − 3.82 (− 8.44 to 0.80) | 0.105 | 66.1 ± 20.7 | 71.4 ± 20.1 | MD, − 1.72 (− 6.67 to 3.23) | 0.495 | 0.394 |
| EQ-5D-5L™ utility | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | MD, − 0.07 (− 0.13 to − 0.01) | 0.013 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | MD, − 0.04 (− 0.10 to 0.02) | 0.152 | 0.268 |
| No problem with anxiety | 63/129 (48.8) | 195/349 (55.9) | RD, − 7.60 (− 17.50 to 2.31) | 0.132 | 71/118 (60.2) | 196/332 (59.0) | RD, 1.85 (− 8.75 to 12.46) | 0.732 | 0.079 |
| No problem with mobility | 49/129 (38.0) | 204/349 (58.5) | RD, − 11.87 (− 21.80 to − 1.95) | 0.019 | 63/118 (53.4) | 220/332 (66.3) | RD, − 4.22 (− 14.90 to 6.45) | 0.438 | 0.182 |
| No problem with pain | 51/129 (39.5) | 165/349 (47.3) | RD, − 4.61 (− 15.13 to 5.91) | 0.390 | 56/118 (47.5) | 171/332 (51.5) | RD, 3.04 (− 8.23 to 14.32) | 0.596 | 0.195 |
| No problem with personal care | 66/129 (51.2) | 217/349 (62.2) | RD, − 3.84 (− 13.60 to 5.95) | 0.442 | 64/118 (54.2) | 230/332 (69.3) | RD, − 6.74 (− 17.20 to 3.75) | 0.208 | 0.591 |
| No problem with usual activities | 34/129 (26.4) | 117/349 (33.5) | RD, − 3.26 (− 13.40 to 6.87) | 0.528 | 37/118 (31.4) | 139/332 (41.9) | RD, − 1.73 (− 12.60 to 9.17) | 0.755 | 0.791 |
| Unemployed due to health | 64/129 (49.6) | 162/348 (46.6) | RD, 0.33 (− 9.82 to 10.50) | 0.949 | 52/118 (44.1) | 135/334 (40.4) | RD, − 0.17 (− 10.64 to 10.30) | 0.974 | 0.911 |
| IES-R | – | – | – | – | 12.3 ± 14.4 | 8.5 ± 12.5 | MD, 2.27 (− 2.09 to 6.63) | 0.326 | – |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | – | – | – | – | 8/62 (12.9) | 9/184 (4.9) | RD, 7.22 (− 1.45 to 15.85) | 0.116 | – |
| IADL | – | – | – | – | 6.5 ± 2.1 | 7.1 ± 1.7 | MD, − 0.56 (− 1.00 to − 0.14) | 0.013 | – |
| Fully independent | – | – | – | – | 61/117 (52.1) | 214/327 (65.4) | RD, − 10.86 (− 22.67 to 0.38) | 0.071 | – |
| MoCA-BLIND | – | – | – | – | 18.6 ± 2.8 | 18.5 ± 3.1 | MD, − 0.14 (− 1.17 to 0.89) | 0.803 | – |
| Cognitive dysfunction | – | – | – | – | 18/61 (29.5) | 50/174 (28.7) | RD, − 0.17 (− 15.79 to 15.45) | 0.983 | – |
| HADS anxiety | – | – | – | – | 4.7 ± 4.7 | 4.3 ± 4.3 | MD, 0.81 (− 0.53 to 2.15) | 0.250 | – |
| Anxiety | – | – | – | – | 19/73 (26.0) | 47/212 (22.2) | RD, 3.12 (− 9.67 to 15.91) | 0.644 | – |
| HADS depression | – | – | – | – | 4.1 ± 3.6 | 3.6 ± 3.8 | MD, 0.54 (− 0.61 to 1.71) | 0.378 | – |
| Depression | – | – | – | – | 15/73 (20.5) | 36/208 (17.3) | RD, 7.65 (− 4.53 to 19.84) | 0.234 | – |
| Financial distress | 2.7 ± 3.4 | 2.4 ± 3.3 | MD, 0.11 (− 0.63 to 0.86) | 0.766 | 2.2 ± 3.3 | 1.8 ± 3.0 | MD, 0.02 (− 0.77 to 0.82) | 0.954 | 0.816 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation or No (%). Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding. Denominators are shown when the overall sample size was not available
MD, mean difference; RD, risk difference
aAll models are mixed-effect models considering the moment of measurement, group, as well as the group x time interaction as fixed effect. Moment of measurement was treated as a categorical variable, and random intercepts for patients and centers were included to account for the dependency of repeated measures and clustering of the data. Between-group comparisons at each time point was estimate with the appropriate contrasts from the model and using a Holm–Bonferroni method to adjust for multiplicity. All models were adjusted by age, sex, ICU admission source, APACHE III score, type of admission (medical vs. surgical), lung transplant patients, trauma, creatinine, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, presence of chronic cardiovascular disease and ICU length of stay. Whenever available, models were further adjusted by the baseline value of the outcome of interest as fixed effect. In all models, the no sepsis group was used as reference (OR > 1 represents increased risk is septic patients, and MD > 1 represents increase in the score in septic patients)
bp value for interaction between sepsis group and moment of measurement
cNew disability defined as a change of WHODAS ≥ 10%
d675 patients were alive at 3 months (186 in the sepsis and 489 in the no sepsis group)
e666 patients were alive at 3 months (182 in the sepsis and 484 in the no sepsis group)