Table 3.
Reference | Age, years | Sample | Measurements | Treatment | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mankad A et al. 2009 [39] | Average 21.93 | 15 Men 7 Women 8 |
IES POMS Becton Dickinson Immunological parameters reagent immune assay protocol |
Writing sessions over three consecutive days | Pre-intervention (baseline): T1–T3 Three-day intervention: T4 Post-intervention (follow-up): T5–T6 (1) Participants reported high scores of intrusive thoughts and avoidance behaviours and showed a slow decline during the baseline time point. (2) After intervention T4, the score immediately showed a rise. However, 3-days intervention appeared to hasten the decline in individuals according to the slopes for intrusion and avoidance. |
McArdle S. 2010 [7] | 18 | Men 1 | / (Case study) |
(1) Dispute (2) Informal modelling (3) Systematic self-desensitization (4) Time projection |
After the 4-month initial meeting, the athlete indicated that his flashbacks had decreased considerably. |
Chen F et al. 2022 [40] | 19–23 | 64 | SASRQ | (1) Supporting (2) Cognitive-behavioural intervention (3) Relaxation training (4) Social support |
The SASRD score was significantly lower than the scores post-intervention. |
IES Impact of Event Scale, A-POMS Abbreviated Profile of Mood States, CD-RISC Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, SASRQ Stanford Acute Stress Response Questionnaire