Table 2.
Tourist arrivals and spending in a time of epidemic outbreaks by world regions, 1980–2019.
| Regions | Crisis date | International tourist arrivals (in Mn.) | Change over the previous year (%) | Lost arrivals (in M) | Lost spending (US$ bn) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | Hendra (1994) | 18 | 2 | – | – |
| H5N1 bird flu (1997) | 21 | 5 | – | – | |
| Nipah (1998) | 24 | 10 | – | – | |
| SARS (2002) | 29 | 5 | – | – | |
| H1N1⁎⁎ (2009) | 46 | 4 | – | −2 | |
| MERS⁎⁎⁎ (2012) | 52 | 5 | – | – | |
| H7N9 bird flu (2013) | 55 | 4 | – | – | |
| Americas | Hendra (1994) | 105 | 3 | – | – |
| H5N1 bird flu (1997) | 116 | 1 | – | – | |
| Nipah (1998) | 119 | 3 | – | – | |
| SARS (2002) | 106 | −2 | −3 | – | |
| H1N1⁎⁎ (2009) | 141 | −5 | −7 | −21 | |
| MERS⁎⁎⁎ (2012) | 163 | 4 | – | – | |
| H7N9 bird flu (2013) | 170 | 5 | – | – | |
| Asia and the Pacific |
Hendra (1994) | 80 | 11 | – | – |
| H5N1 bird flu (1997) | 90 | −1 | −1 | −2 | |
| Nipah (1998) | 89 | 0 | – | – | |
| SARS (2002) | 113 | −9 | −12 | −2 | |
| H1N1⁎⁎ (2009) | 184 | −1 | −3 | −6 | |
| MERS⁎⁎⁎ (2012) | 238 | 7 | – | – | |
| H7N9 bird flu (2013) | 254 | 7 | – | – | |
| Europe | Hendra (1994) | 297 | 4 | – | – |
| H5N1 bird flu (1997) | 350 | 7 | – | – | |
| Nipah (1998) | 360 | 3 | – | – | |
| SARS (2002) | 416 | 2 | – | – | |
| H1N1⁎⁎ (2009) | 473 | −5 | −26 | −61 | |
| MERS⁎⁎⁎ (2012) | 539 | 4 | – | – | |
| H7N9 bird flu (2013) | 567 | 5 | – | – | |
| Middle East |
Hendra (1994) | 11 | 9 | – | – |
| H5N1 bird flu (1997) | 16 | 7 | – | – | |
| Nipah (1998) | 17 | 6 | – | – | |
| SARS (2002) | 27 | 4 | – | – | |
| H1N1⁎⁎ (2009) | 49 | −5 | −3 | – | |
| MERS⁎⁎⁎ (2012) | 52 | 3 | – | – | |
| H7N9 bird flu (2013) | 51 | −2 | −1 | −1 |
Source: Authors' calculations on the data the from UNWTO database.