Table 3.

Jiang et al. [78] studies of 100, 1000 or 10,000 nanosecond pulses, given on one day to two month old rats, where AD-like effects were measured 18 months later (in 20 month old rats).

Number of Pulses Showing Statistically Significant Effects	Effect Studied and AD Importance
100, 1000, 10,000	Increased escape latency in Morris water maze escape test, a measure of lowered memory and behavioral function
100, 1000, 10,000	Large increases in Aβ protein oligomers in the hippocampus
1000, 10,000	Increases in the amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) in the hippocampus
1000, 10,000	Increased LC3-II in the hippocampus, a marker for autophagic cell death
100, 1000, 10,000	Lowered reduced glutathione (GSH) in the hippocampus, caused by and causing increased oxidative stress
Non-significant trend	Lowered superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hippocampus, caused by and causing increased oxidative stress

Because pulses were given at 10 millisecond intervals, pulses were given within on second, 10 seconds or 100 seconds. Ten rats were used for each group measured.