Table II.

Virulence factors upregulated in S. aureus isolated from atopic dermatitis skin compared with 5. aureus from healthy control skin

Virulence factors	Clinical outcomes	Mediators	Refs
PSM-alpha	Skin inflammation	IL-17A signalling	(60, 70)
	Skin barrier disruptions	Protease activity
Delta-toxin	Skin inflammation	IL-4 signalling	(62, 71)
		Mast cell degranulation IgE release
		IgE release
Alpha-haemolysin	Skin barrier disruptions	Keratinocyte lysis	(61)
Enterotoxin B	Skin inflammation	T-cell signalling	(72)
Clumping factor B	S. aureus colonization	Cell adherence	(79)

PSM: phenol-soluble modulin; IL: interleukin.