Table 3.
Estimated associations† between a father’s job loss due to plant closure and preterm birth overall and by infant sexa in the sibling-matched sample (n = 743 574 sibling pairs), Denmark, 1980–2017
| Parameter | All |
Malesb |
Femalesc |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
| Job loss | 1.02 | 0.81, | 1.28 | 1.15 | 0.82, | 1.62 | 0.86 | 0.56, | 1.33 |
| PTB (first sibling) | 6.78 | 6.56, | 7.01 | 6.58 | 6.21, | 6.98 | 6.99 | 6.56, | 7.44 |
| Maternal age | |||||||||
| <20 | 1.37 | 1.12, | 1.68 | 1.28 | 0.87, | 1.88 | 1.43 | 0.96, | 2.14 |
| 20–24 (ref.) | |||||||||
| 25–29 | 0.85 | 0.81, | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.79, | 0.96 | 0.78 | 0.69, | 0.87 |
| 30–34 | 0.93 | 0.88, | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.84, | 1.05 | 0.79 | 0.70, | 0.89 |
| 35–39 | 1.18 | 1.10, | 1.26 | 1.14 | 1.01, | 1.29 | 1.04 | 0.91, | 1.19 |
| ≥40 | 1.41 | 1.27, | 1.55 | 1.39 | 1.16, | 1.67 | 1.41 | 1.13, | 1.76 |
| Paternal age | |||||||||
| <20 | 0.92 | 0.84, | 1.00 | 1.36 | 0.66, | 2.83 | 1.77 | 0.87, | 3.63 |
| 20–24 (ref.) | |||||||||
| 25–29 | 0.88 | 0.81, | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.80, | 1.06 | 0.91 | 0.78, | 1.07 |
| 30–34 | 0.83 | 0.77, | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.73, | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.76, | 1.05 |
| 35–39 | 0.87 | 0.80, | 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.75, | 1.03 | 0.94 | 0.79, | 1.11 |
| ≥40 | 0.94 | 0.85, | 1.05 | 0.92 | 0.78, | 1.09 | 0.88 | 0.73, | 1.06 |
| Maternal education | |||||||||
| None reported | 0.75 | 0.59, | 0.95 | 0.41 | 0.25, | 0.69 | 1.03 | 0.68, | 1.55 |
| Primary (ref.) | |||||||||
| Upper secondary | 0.82 | 0.79, | 0.85 | 0.76 | 0.70, | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.77, | 0.92 |
| Some higher | 0.72 | 0.69, | 0.75 | 0.67 | 0.61, | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.67, | 0.80 |
| BA or higher | 0.62 | 0.59, | 0.66 | 0.56 | 0.50, | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.59, | 0.76 |
| Paternal education | |||||||||
| None reported | 0.81 | 0.58, | 1.13 | 1.09 | 0.66, | 1.78 | 0.49 | 0.24, | 1.00 |
| Primary (ref.) | |||||||||
| Upper secondary | 0.90 | 0.87, | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.84, | 0.97 | 0.91 | 0.84, | 0.98 |
| Some higher | 0.81 | 0.77, | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.76, | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.73, | 0.88 |
| BA or higher | 0.81 | 0.76, | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.75, | 0.93 | 0.85 | 0.75, | 0.96 |
| Parity | |||||||||
| 2 births (ref.) | |||||||||
| ≥3 births | 1.29 | 1.22, | 1.36 | 1.28 | 1.14, | 1.43 | 1.38 | 1.22, | 1.56 |
| Immigrant status | |||||||||
| Danish (ref.) | |||||||||
| Immigrant | 1.11 | 1.06, | 1.16 | 1.11 | 1.02, | 1.20 | 1.10 | 1.01, | 1.21 |
| Descendant | 1.07 | 0.93, | 1.22 | 1.01 | 0.84, | 1.23 | 1.10 | 0.89, | 1.36 |
| Year of birth | 1.00 | 1.00, | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99, | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99, | 1.00 |
BA, bachelor of arts; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PTB, preterm birth.
All odds ratios in the table are adjusted for all other variables in the model.
Sex-specific analyses are restricted to sibling pairs born between 1997 and 2017, the time period for which sex information on the live birth is fully available.
Sample includes 185 582 sibling pairs born between 1997 and 2017 in which the second sibling is male (n = 371 164 total live births).
Sample includes 176 507 sibling pairs born between 1997 and 2017 in which the second sibling is female (n = 353 014 total live births).