Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to homelessness status
| 1958 cohort |
1970 cohort |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homeless |
||||||
| No | Yes | P-value | No | Yes | P-value | |
| No. of participants | 11 726 | 751 | 10 499 | 702 | ||
| Deaths | 5.3 (620) | 7.2 (54) | 0.03 | 1.1 (115) | 2.3 (16) | 0.006 |
| Female | 50.1 (5870) | 49.5 (372) | 0.78 | 50.9 (5344) | 58.5 (411) | <0.001 |
| Socio-economic status | ||||||
| Unemployed | 4.3 (501) | 5.8 (44) | 0.94 | 2.8 (294) | 8.5 (60) | <0.001 |
| Left school before age 16 years | 0.8 (89) | 2.1 (16) | <0.001 | 1.9 (199) | 7.4 (52) | <0.001 |
| No qualifications | 11.8 (1384) | 11.9 (90) | <0.001 | 64.0 (6719) | 74.2 (521) | <0.001 |
| Mental health | ||||||
| Psychiatric morbidity (Malaise score ≥7) | 11.8 (1384) | 10.7 (81) | <0.001 | 11.6 (1218) | 28.2 (198) | <0.001 |
| Seen specialist for psychiatric problema | – | − | 23.7 (2488) | 50.4 (354) | <0.001 | |
| Physical health | ||||||
| Seen doctor after an accident | 39.2 (4595) | 46.4 (348) | 0.001 | 53.9 (5659) | 60.5 (425) | 0.001 |
| Seen doctor after a violent assault, mugging or sexual assault | 4.0 (471) | 10.4 (78) | <0.001 | 6.4 (672) | 17.1 (120) | <0.001 |
| Criminal-justice experience | ||||||
| Arrested by police | 3.8 (440) | 8.0 (60) | <0.001 | 16.2 (1701) | 35.6 (250) | <0.001 |
| Formally cautioned by police | 3.3 (385) | 7.1 (53) | <0.001 | 13.6 (1428) | 30.9 (217) | <0.001 |
| Been found guilty in court | 4.0 (469) | 7.4 (56) | <0.001 | 12.3 (1291) | 28.8 (202) | <0.001 |
| Substance misuse | ||||||
| Alcohol problem (CAGE score ≥2) | 0.1 (11) | 0.5 (4) | 0.003 | 11.4 (1197) | 22.9 (161) | <0.001 |
| Smoke every day | 29.9 (3505) | 42.2 (317) | <0.001 | 27.5 (2887) | 54.6 (383) | <0.001 |
| Lifetime illicit drug use | 38.2 (4475) | 53.4 (401) | <0.001 | 53.0 (5564) | 75.4 (529) | <0.001 |
| Lifestyle | ||||||
| Obese (BMI >30) | 12.0 (1403) | 8.0 (60) | 0.006 | 14.0 (1470) | 14.5 (102) | 0.69 |
| Regular exercise | 78.2 (9172) | 78.1 (587) | 0.97 | 79.0 (8294) | 76.9 (540) | 0.19 |
| Fruit more than once a day | 52.6 (6167) | 52.4 (394) | 0.95 | 20.2 (2121) | 17.7 (124) | 0.10 |
| Salad or raw vegetables once a day | 9.0 (1053) | 9.8 (73) | 0.53 | 18.0 (1890) | 19.5 (137) | 0.31 |
Results are % (N) of participants unless stated otherwise.
a
Information not collected in the 1958 cohort.
CAGE (cutting down, being annoyed by criticism, feeling guilty and eye-openers); BMI, body mass index.