Table 1.
Maternal and infant characteristics by maternal smoking behavior during pregnancy; non-smokers, early stoppers and late- or non-stoppers
|
Total population N = 41 088 |
Non-smokers n = 34 102 (83.0%) |
Early stoppers n = 3217 (7.8%) |
Late- or non- stoppers n = 3769 (9.2%) |
Statistical differences between subgroups that differed in smoking status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%)a | n (%)a | n (%) a | n (%)a | p-value | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Maternal age (in years) | ≤ 0.001 | ||||
| < 20 | 249 (0.6) | 118 (0.3) | 54 (1.7) | 77 (2.0) | |
| 20–24 | 3209 (7.8) | 1997 (5.9) | 438 (13.6) | 774 (20.5) | |
| 25–29 | 12 499 (30.4) | 9939 (29.1) | 1200 (37.3) | 1360 (36.1) | |
| 30–34 | 16 660 (40.5) | 14 577 (42.7) | 1055 (32.8) | 1028 (27.3) | |
| 35–39 | 7331 (17.8) | 6482 (19.0) | 410 (12.7) | 439 (11.6) | |
| > 39 | 1140 (2.8) | 989 (2.9) | 60 (1.9) | 91 (2.4) | |
| BMIa | ≤ 0.001 | ||||
| Underweight | 1266 (3.1) | 944 (2.8) | 97 (3.0) | 225 (6.0) | |
| Normal weight | 24 251 (59.0) | 20 521 (60.2) | 1831 (56.9) | 1899 (50.4) | |
| Pre-obesity | 9542 (23.2) | 7867 (23.1) | 753 (23.4) | 922 (24.5) | |
| Obesity class I | 3496 (8.5) | 2741 (8.0) | 333 (10.4) | 422 (11.2) | |
| Obesity class II | 1170 (2.8) | 915 (2.7) | 103 (3.2) | 152 (4.0) | |
| Obesity class II | 270 (0.7) | 210 (0.6) | 27 (0.8) | 33 (0.9) | |
| Missing | 1093 (2.7) | 904 (2.7) | 73 (2.3) | 116 (3.1) | |
| Ethnic backgroundb | ≤ 0.001 | ||||
| Dutch | 31 271 (76.1) | 25 965 (76.1) | 2462 (76.5) | 2844 (75.5) | |
| Western (non-Dutch) | 2668 (6.5) | 2107 (6.2) | 275 (8.5) | 286 (7.6) | |
| Non-Western | 3892 (9.5) | 3407 (10.0) | 195 (6.1) | 290 (7.7) | |
| Other | 243 (0.6) | 183 (0.5) | 33 (1.0) | 27 (0.7) | |
| Missing | 3014 (7.3) | 2440 (7.2) | 252 (7.8) | 322 (8.5) | |
| Socio economic statusc | |||||
| Low | 12 942 (31.5) | 9874 (29.0) | 1170 (36.4) | 1898 (50.4) | ≤ 0.001 |
| Middle | 20 841 (50.7) | 17 643 (51.7) | 1626 (50.5) | 1572 (41.7) | |
| High | 6992 (17.0) | 6325 (18.5) | 394 (12.2) | 273 (7.2) | |
| Missing | 313 (0.8) | 260 (0.8) | 27 (0.8) | 26 (0.7) | |
| Marital status | ≤ 0.001 | ||||
| Single | 926 (2.3) | 515 (1.5) | 117 (3.6) | 294 (7.8) | |
| In a relationship | 39 040 (95.0) | 32 832 (96.3) | 2964 (92.1) | 3244 (86.1) | |
| Missing | 1122 (2.7) | 755 (2.2) | 136 (4.2) | 231 (6.1) | |
| Parity | ≤ 0.001 | ||||
| Nulliparous | 19 300 (47.0) | 15 616 (45.8) | 1989 (61.8) | 1695 (45.0) | |
| Multiparous | 21 788 (53.0) | 18 486 (54.2) | 1228 (38.2) | 2074 (55.0) | |
| Gestational age at birth | ≤ 0.001 | ||||
| Extremely preterm (< 28 weeks) | 337 (0.8) | 272 (0.8) | 25 (0.8) | 40 (1.1) | |
| Very preterm (28–32 weeks) | 196 (0.5) | 159 (0.5) | 14 (0.4) | 23 (0.6) | |
| Moderate to late preterm (32–37 weeks) | 1535 (3.7) | 1184 (3.5) | 138 (4.3) | 213 (5.7) | |
| Term (37–42) | 36 109 (87.9) | 30 136 (88.4) | 2783 (86.5) | 3190 (84.6) | |
| Postterm (≥ 42 weeks) | 547 (1.3) | 478 (1.4) | 41 (1.3) | 28 (0.7) | |
| Missing | 2364 (5.8) | 1873 (5.5) | 216 (6.7) | 275 (7.3) | |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Alcohol consumptiond | ≤ 0.001 | ||||
| No | 24 367 (59.3) | 20 310 (59.6) | 1875 (58.3) | 2182 (57.9) | |
| Yes | 241 (0.6) | 183 (0.5) | 28 (0.9) | 30 (0.8) | |
| Stopped after a positive pregnancy test | 611 (1.5) | 448 (1.3) | 106 (3.3) | 57 (1.5) | |
| Missing | 15 869 (38.6) | 13 161 (38.6) | 1208 (37.6) | 1500 (39.8) | |
| Drug consumptione | ≤ 0.001 | ||||
| No | 22 700 (55.2) | 18 949 (55.6) | 1767 (54.9) | 1984 (52.6) | |
| Yes | 182 (0.4) | 56 (0.2) | 43 (1.3) | 83 (2.2) | |
| Stopped recently | 150 (0.4) | 25 (0.1) | 56 (1.7) | 69 (1.8) | |
| Missing | 18 056 (43.9) | 15 072 (44.2) | 1351 (42.0) | 1633 (43.3) | |
| Pregnancy complicationsf | |||||
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | 1385 (3.4) | 1142 (3.3) | 106 (3.3) | 137 (3.6) | 0.63 |
| Hypertensive disorder | 2311 (5.6) | 1925 (5.6) | 220 (6.8) | 166 (4.4) | ≤ 0.001 |
| Placenta previa | 212 (0.5) | 177 (0.5) | 17 (0.5) | 18 (0.5) | 0.94 |
| Fetal growth restriction | 1489 (3.6) | 1055 (3.1) | 131 (4.1) | 303 (8.0) | ≤ 0.001 |
| Mode of birth characteristics | ≤ 0.001 | ||||
| Spontaneous vaginal birth | 30 327 (73.8) | 25 358 (74.4) | 2223 (69.1) | 2746 (72.9) | |
| Instrumental birth | 3212 (7.8) | 2639 (7.7) | 301 (9.4) | 272 (7.2) | |
| Cesarean delivery | 4060 (9.9) | 3317 (9.7) | 379 (11.8) | 364 (9.7) | |
| Other | 695 (1.7) | 578 (1.7) | 61 (1.9) | 56 (1.5) | |
| Missing | 2794 (6.8) | 2210 (6.5) | 253 (7.9) | 331 (8.8) | |
| Maternal Outcomes | ≤ 0.001 | ||||
| Postpartum hemorrhage > 1000 ml | 1227 (3.0) | 1032 (3.0) | 104 (3.2) | 91 (2.4) | |
| Infant characteristics | |||||
| Sex | 0.005 | ||||
| Female | 18 819 (45.8) | 15 688 (46.0) | 1383 (43.0) | 1748 (46.4) | |
| Male | 19 837 (48.3) | 16 490 (48.4) | 1612 (50.1) | 1735 (46.0) | |
| Missing | 2432 (5.9) | 1924 (5.6) | 222 (6.9) | 286 (7.6) | |
| Birthweight (grams) | ≤ 0.001 | ||||
| ≤ 1500 | 415 (1.0) | 323 (0.9) | 33 (1.0) | 59 (1.6) | |
| 1501–2500 | 1271 (3.1) | 854 (2.5) | 120 (3.7) | 297 (7.9) | |
| 2501–3500 | 18 052 (43.9) | 14 519 (42.6) | 1438 (44.7) | 2095 (55.6) | |
| 3501–4500 | 18 055 (43.9) | 15 709 (46.1) | 1342 (41.7) | 1004 (26.6) | |
| ≥ 4501 | 750 (1.8) | 671 (2.0) | 55 (1.7) | 24 (0.6) | |
| Missing | 2545 (6.2) | 2026 (5.9) | 229 (7.1) | 290 (7.7) | |
| Mortality | 0.125 | ||||
| Fetal death | 273 (0.7) | 218 (0.6) | 18 (0.6) | 37 (1.0) | |
| Neonatal death | 43 (0.1) | 37 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) | |
Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding
aBMI classified as: Underweight (< 18.5), Normal Weight (18.5–24.9), Pre-obesity (25.0–29.9), Obesity class I (30.0–34.9), Obesity class II (35.0–39.9), Obesity class III (> 40)
bEthnic background classified as: Dutch, Western non-Dutch (European), Non-Western (African, Asian, Turkish, Moroccan) and other migration backgrounds
cSocioeconomic status classified as: Low (below the 25th percentile), Middle (between the 25th and 50th percentile), High (above the 75th percentile)
dAlcohol consumption: No (no alcohol use), Yes (ranging from occassional use to daily use), Stopped after a positive pregnancy test
e Drugs consumption: No (no drug use), Yes (ranging from occasional use to daily use), Stopped recently
fMultiple pregnancy complications are possible, therefore they do not add up to 100%