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. 2022 Jun 13;24:141. doi: 10.1186/s13075-022-02836-4

Table 4.

Estimation of hazard ratios for cardiovascular disease according to exposure to monoclonal TNFis

HR (95% CI) P value
Univariable analysis
 TNFi not exposed 1.00 (reference)
 TNFi exposed 0.37 (0.14–0.97) 0.043
Multivariable model 1 adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factorsa
 TNFi not exposed 1.00 (reference)
 TNFi exposed 0.30 (0.11–0.87) 0.026
Multivariable model 2 adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factorsa and time-averaged ESR and CRP
 TNFi not exposed 1.00 (reference)
 TNFi exposed 0.38 (0.13–1.14) 0.084
Multivariable model 3 adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factorsa and baseline ESR and CRP
 TNFi not exposed 1.00 (reference)
 TNFi exposed 0.42 (0.15–1.22) 0.112
Multivariable model 4 adjusted for use of NSAIDs and csDMARDs
 TNFi not exposed 1.00 (reference)
 TNFi exposed 0.38 (0.14–0.99) 0.049
Multivariable model 5 adjusted for use of aspirin, ACEi or ARB, SGLT2 inhibitor, and statin
 TNFi not exposed 1.00 (reference)
 TNFi exposed 0.30 (0.11–0.83) 0.021

TNFi tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP C-reactive protein, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, csDMARDs conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, ACEi angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, SGLT2 sodium-glucose cotransporter-2

aTraditional cardiovascular risk factors: age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and body mass index