Table 1.

In vitro experiments

Biological effects	EMF	Bio-system	Field strength	Exposure time	References #
HSF1 activation	60 Hz	Human HL60 cells	0.8µT, 80µT	20 min	[6]
Mitochondrial activity	50 Hz	Human SH-SY5Y	100-μT	24 h	[7]
ROS production	900 MHz	Rat astroglia	10 V/m	5, 10, 20 min	[8]
Blastogenesis	3 Hz	Human lymphocytes	60 G	72 h	[9]
45Ca incorporation	30 Hz	Human lymphocytes	0.15 mT		[10]
Channel-activity	42.25 GHz	Kidney cells	2 mW/cm2 continuous	20–30 min	[11]
Voltage‐gated calcium	ELF and Microwave	Human and animal cells	Pulsed and continuous	Seconds to min	[12]
Growth-related	60 Hz	Human lymphoma	10 mV/cm continuous	1 h	[13]
RNA synthesis	60 Hz	HL-60 cells	5.7 µT continuous	20 min	[14]
DNA synthesis	15 Hz to 4 kHz	Human fibroblasts	0.023–5.6 G, sinusoidal	1,2,24 h	[15]
DNA synthesis	75 Hz	Human chondrocytes	2.3 mT pulsed	6 to 30 h	[16]
Expression of microRNA	75 Hz	Mononuclear cell from AD	3 mT pulsed	15, 30, 60 min	[17]
Expression of microRNA	50 Hz	Mouse GC–2 cells	1 mT, 2 mT and 3 mT pulsed	72 h (5 min on/10 min off)	[18]
reduction of oxidative stress	75 Hz	Human SH-SY5Y	2 mT pulsed	10 min, 4 times a week	[19]
reduction of oxidative stress	60 Hz	Human SH-SY5Y	4 to 10 mT continuous	20 min	[20]
expression of hsp70	60 Hz	Human breast cells	3 mT continuous	1 to 3 h	[21]
Cytoprotection	60 Hz	Rodent cardiomyocytes	8μT	30 min	[22]
Ubiquitin–proteasome system	50 Hz	Caco 2 cells	1 mT	24–72 h	[23]
Ubiquitin–proteasome system	1.95 MHz	KB cells	3 mW/g	1, 2, 3 h	[24]
Ubiquitin–proteasome system	100 mT	Rat hippocampal cells	100 mT continuous	15 min	[25]
Autophagy-lysosome systems	75 Hz	SH-SY5Y cells	2 mT pulsed	1 h	[26]
Inflammation	27.12 MHz	Human dermal fibroblasts	591 V/m pulsed	30 min	[27]
Cellular senescence	50 MHz	Mouse fibroblasts	0.5 W/Kg continuous	30 min/d
β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition	64 MHz	Human neurons	0.4-to 0.9 continuous	1 h/d × 21 days