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. 2022 Jun 13;20:210. doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02399-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Association of genetically predicted DHA and linoleic acid on the circulating PUFA composition among individuals of European ancestry before and after excluding SNPs nearby the FADS locus. Results are expressed as z-statistics (i.e. effect estimate / standard error) for the variation in individual omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (y-axis) across multiple data sources (x-axis) according to genetically predicted DHA and linoleic acid. These are expressed using different shades of colours to indicate relative strengths of association; blue, red and grey boxes denote, respectively, decreases, increases and no change in individual PUFA, while white boxes represent missing data. Asterisks indicate P-value: < 5×10⁻⁸ (***), < 5×10⁻⁵ (**) and < 5×10⁻² (*). DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; FADS: fatty acid desaturase genes; ELOVL: elongase genes; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; Plasma FA: plasma fatty acids; N: median sample size used for estimating SNP-fatty acid association; GC: gas chromatography; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; MS: mass spectrometry