Table 1.
Mendelian randomization analyses results inferring causality between coffee consumption and gout or SUA levels
| Exposure | Outcome | No. of instruments | Method | β | SE | OR [95% CI] | P | Heterogeneity | Pleiotropy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | Cochran's Q P het | Intercept P | ||||||||
| Japanese | Coffee | Gout | 10 a | IVW (fixed‐effect) | −1.25 | 0.08 | 0.29 [0.24‐0.34] | 2.5 × 10−49 | 5.5 × 10−19 | — |
| IVW (random‐effect) | −1.25 | 0.29 | 0.29 [0.16‐0.51] | 1.9 × 10−5 | — | |||||
| MR‐Egger | −1.76 | 0.48 | 0.17 [0.07‐0.44] | 6.1 × 10−3 | 1.4 × 10−15 | 0.22 | ||||
| Weighted‐median | −1.40 | 0.33 | 0.25 [0.13‐0.47] | 2.7 × 10−5 | — | — | ||||
| Weighted‐mode | −1.85 | 0.19 | 0.16 [0.11‐0.23] | 3.8 × 10−6 | — | — | ||||
| Coffee | Gout | 7 b | IVW (fixed‐effect) | −0.29 | 0.13 | 0.75 [0.58‐0.97] | 0.026 | 0.39 | — | |
| IVW (random‐effect) | −0.29 | 0.13 | 0.75 [0.58‐0.97] | 0.030 | — | |||||
| MR‐Egger | −0.34 | 0.30 | 0.71 [0.39‐1.28] | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.84 | ||||
| Weighted‐median | −0.27 | 0.16 | 0.77 [0.57‐1.04] | 0.086 | — | — | ||||
| Weighted‐mode | −0.28 | 0.16 | 0.76 [0.55‐1.04] | 0.14 | — | — | ||||
| Coffee | SUA levels | 9 a | IVW (fixed‐effect) | −0.080 | 0.014 | 0.92 [0.9‐0.95] | 9.6 × 10−9 | 2.0 × 10−16 | — | |
| IVW (random‐effect) | −0.080 | 0.047 | 0.92 [0.84‐1.01] | 0.090 | — | |||||
| MR‐Egger | 8.0 × 10−4 | 0.11 | 1.00 [0.81‐1.24] | 0.99 | 2.2 × 10−15 | 0.44 | ||||
| Weighted‐median | −0.022 | 0.020 | 0.98 [0.94‐1.02] | 0.26 | — | — | ||||
| Weighted‐mode | −0.011 | 0.017 | 0.99 [0.96‐1.02] | 0.55 | — | — | ||||
| European | Coffee | Gout | 5 | IVW (fixed‐effect) c | −0.58 | 0.21 | 0.56 [0.38‐0.84] | 5.3 × 10−3 | 0.027 | — |
| IVW (random‐effect) | −0.58 | 0.34 | 0.56 [0.29‐1.1] | 0.092 | — | |||||
| MR‐Egger | −0.29 | 0.83 | 0.75 [0.15‐3.8] | 0.75 | 0.016 | 0.72 | ||||
| Weighted‐median | −0.92 | 0.30 | 0.4 [0.22‐0.72] | 2.1 × 10−3 | — | — | ||||
| Weighted‐mode | −0.98 | 0.39 | 0.37 [0.17‐0.8] | 0.065 | — | — | ||||
| Coffee | SUA levels | 5 | IVW (fixed‐effect) | −0.15 | 0.03 | 0.86 [0.8‐0.92] | 7.9 × 10−6 | 6.8 × 10−8 | — | |
| IVW (random‐effect) | −0.15 | 0.11 | 0.86 [0.7‐1.06] | 0.15 | — | |||||
| MR‐Egger | −0.16 | 0.26 | 0.85 [0.51‐1.43] | 0.58 | 1.7 × 10−8 | 0.97 | ||||
| Weighted‐median | −0.03 | 0.05 | 0.97 [0.87‐1.07] | 0.51 | — | — | ||||
| Weighted‐mode | −0.10 | 0.06 | 0.91 [0.81‐1.01] | 0.16 | — | — |
Abbreviations: IVW, inverse variance weighted; MR, Mendelian randomization; OR, odds ratio; SUA, serum uric acid.
a
After exclusion of the outlier instruments (rs141471965 on ABCG2) in the forest plot.
b
After additional exclusion of the three instruments suspected to have pleiotropy effects.
c
IVW (fixed‐effect) analyses were previously performed by Larsson et al (2).