Fig. 3.

Metformin promoted microglia cells polarization from M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype in the hippocampus of adult mice after lengthy isoflurane exposure. Representative western blots (above panels) and densitometric analysis (below panels, n = 3 mice per group) showing the effects of lengthy isoflurane inhalation (A, D), metformin pretreatment plus isoflurane inhalation (B, E), and metformin treatment (C, F) on expression levels of M1 microglia markers (CD68, iNOS) and M2 microglia markers (IL-10, Arg-1) in the hippocampus of adult mice. Tubulin was used as an internal control. Data are expressed as mean ± SD and compared by two-tailed Student’s t test.