TABLE 1.

An example of different types of brain tumor models and their relative features.

Glioma models
Brain tumor	Type of model	Features	References
HGG	CLX	Glioma cell-lines T98 and U87 xenograft	Jandial et al., 2018
HGG	CLX	Glioma cell-lines TG1 xenograft	Fareh et al., 2012
HGG	CLX/syngeneic	Syngeneic glioma cell lines GL261 xenograft	Ausman et al., 1970
HGG	PDX/PDOX	Xenograft of patient-derived GBM cells/neurospheres	Sasaki et al., 2001; Joo et al., 2013; Kerstetter-Fogle et al., 2020
Pediatric tumors	PDOX	Xenograft of patient-derived tumor cells (from different type of pediatric glioma)	Brabetz et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2020
HGG	GEMM	Pdgfb OE, Trp53–/–	Hede et al., 2009
HGG	GEMM	Pdgfb OE, Ink4a/Arf–/–, Trp53–/–, Pten–/–	Hambardzumyan et al., 2009
HGG	GEMM	K-Ras OE, Ink4a/Arf–/–	Uhrbom et al., 2005
HGG	GEMM	EGFRvIII OE, Ink4a/Arf–/–, Pten–/–	Zhu et al., 2009
HGG	GEMM	EGFRvIII OE, V12-Ras, Pten–/–	Wei et al., 2006
HGG	GEMM	Nf1+/−, Trp53+/−, Pten+/−	Kwon et al., 2008
HGG	GEMM	H-Ras-V12 OE, Akt OE, Trp53+/−	Marumoto et al., 2009
LGG	GEMM	NrasG12V OE, Idh1R132H OE, shAtrx, shTrp53	Núñez et al., 2019
HGG	GEBO	EGFRvIII OE, EGFR OE, CDKN2A–/–/CDKN2B–/– or NF1–/–, TP53–/–, PTEN–/–	Bian et al., 2018
HGG	GEBO	H-RasG12V OE, TP53–/–	Ogawa et al., 2018
GBM	PDO	Patient-derived organoid	Jacob et al., 2020
	Drosophila
GBM	Transgenic	dEGFRλ, dp110CAAX, dPTEN, dRas85DN17, dRas85DV12, dRafGOF OE, dPTEN dsRNA	Read et al., 2009, 2013
GBM	Transgenic	dRafGOF, hFGFR3-hTACC3, dEGFRACT, dPI3KACT	Chen et al., 2018
	Zebrafish
GBM	Transgenic	HRASG12V, KRASG12V EGFRvIII, BRAFV600E OE	Mayrhofer et al., 2017
Glioma	Transgenic	KRASG12V OE	Ju et al., 2015
Glioma	Transgenic	DAAkt1, DARac1 OE	Jung et al., 2013
HGG/MPNSTs	Knockout	nf1a+/−; nf1b–/–; tp53e7/e7	Shin et al., 2012
GBM	CLX	Glioblastoma cell line U373-MG with shRacs or Racs OE Xenograft	Lai et al., 2017
GBM	CLX	Glioblastoma cell line U87 and its derived cancer stem cells Xenograft	Yang et al., 2013a
GBM	CLX	Glioblastoma cell lines U87 and U373 Xenotransplantation alone or with Mesenchymal stem cells	Breznik et al., 2017
GBM	PDX	Primary GBM-derived cells xenografts	Rampazzo et al., 2013
GBM	PDX	glioblastoma GBM9 cells xenografts into prkdc–/–, il2rga–/–	Yan et al., 2019
Medulloblastoma models
MB subgroup	Type of model	Features	References
WNT	GEMM	Ctnnb1+/−; TP53–/–	Gibson et al., 2010
WNT	PDOX	Xenograft of patient-derived tumor cells	Brabetz et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2020
SHH	GEMM	Ptch1 +/−	Goodrich et al., 1997
SHH	GEMM	Ptch1 + ⁣/−, Trp53–/–	Wetmore et al., 2001
SHH	GEMM	Ptch1+/−, Cdkn2c–/–	Uziel et al., 2005
SHH	GEMM	SmoA2 OE	Dey et al., 2012
SHH	GEMM	Sufu+/−, Trp53–/–	Lee et al., 2007
SHH	GEMM	Trp53–/– with gPtch1.1/Cas9	Zuckermann et al., 2015
Adult SHH	GEMM	SmoM2 OE, truncated BRPF1 OE	Aiello et al., 2019
SHH	Orthotopic xenograft	MYCN OE in NES	Huang et al., 2019
SHH	Orthotopic xenograft	Orthotropic xenograft of iPSC-derived NES from a Gorlin patient with a germline PTCH1 mutation	Susanto et al., 2020
SHH	PDOX	Xenograft of patient-derived tumor cells	Brabetz et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2020
Group 3	GEMM	Mycn OE, Trp53–/–	Swartling et al., 2010
Group 3	GEMM	GTML Trp53KI/KI p53ERTAM	Hill et al., 2015
Group 3	GEMM	Mll4 –/–	Dhar et al., 2018
Group 3	GEMM	Gfi1 OE + c-MYC OE/Otx2 OE + c-MYC OE	Ballabio et al., 2020
Group 3	Orthotopic xenograft	Myc OE, Trp53–/–	Kawauchi et al., 2012; Pei et al., 2012
Group 3	Orthotopic xenograft	MycT58A OE, Trp53 DN	Pei et al., 2012
Glioma models
Brain tumor	Type of model	Features	References
Group 3	Orthotopic xenograft	Myc OE, GFI1b OE	Northcott et al., 2014
Group 3	PDOX	Xenograft of patient-derived tumor cells	Brabetz et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2020
Group 3	Organoid model	Gfi1 OE + c-MYC OE/Otx2 OE + c-MYC OE	Ballabio et al., 2020, 2021
Group 4	GEMM	Activated SRC OE, Tp53 DN	Forget et al., 2018
Group 4	PDOX	Xenograft of patient-derived tumor cells	Brabetz et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2020
Ependymoma models
Brain tumor	Type of model	Features	References
Ependymoma	GEMM	RELAFUS1	Ozawa et al., 2018
Ependymoma	GEMM	YAP1-MAMLD1	Pajtler et al., 2019
Ependymoma	GEMM	nlsYAP5SA or Lats1–/– and Lats2–/–	Eder et al., 2020
Ependymoma	PDOX	Xenograft of patient-derived tumor cells	Brabetz et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2020
Meningioma models
Brain tumor	Type of model	Features	References
Meningioma	CLX	BenMen1, Me3TSC cell line xenograft	Püttmann et al., 2005; Cargioli et al., 2007
Meningioma	CLX	CH-157-MN cell line xenograft	Ragel et al., 2008
Meningioma	CLX	IOMM-Lee cell line xenograft	McCutcheon et al., 2000
Meningioma	PDOX	Xenograft of patient-derived tumor cells	McCutcheon et al., 2000
Meningioma	GEMM	Nf2 –/–	Kalamarides et al., 2002
Meningioma	GEMM	PDGFB OE + Nf2–/– + Cdkn2ab–/–	Peyre et al., 2015
Meningioma	GEMM	SmoM2 OE	Boetto et al., 2018
Meningioma	GEMM	Nf2–/– + Ink4a–/–	Kalamarides et al., 2011
Meningioma	PDO	Patient-derived organoids	Chan et al., 2021; Yamazaki et al., 2021