. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 13.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Mar 31;2:16017. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.17

Table 3 |.

Novel, potentially beneficial pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals targeting molecular causes of AF

Drug^a	Mechanism of action	Condition	Trial phase	Refs or clinical trial identifier
Nicotinamide riboside	Increase in NAD⁺ and NADH levels, decrease in oxidative damage to proteins and DNA	Heart failure	I, II	NCT02689882, NCT03423342, NCT03727646
		Obesity, insulin resistance	II	NCT02835664
		Parkinson disease, neurodegenerative diseases	II	NCT03816020, NCT03568968
		SARS-CoV-2 infection in older individuals^b, AKI	II	NCT04818216^c, NCT04407390^c
		Immunity	II	NCT02812238
		Atrial fibrillation	Preclinical	^19,21
l-Glutamine	Fuels TCA cycle, reduces ROS formation and ER stress, and increases HSP expression and nucleotide, protein and fatty acid synthesis	Heart failure	II	NCT01534663
		Pulmonary hypertension in SCD	II	NCT01048905, NCT01794884
		Coronary heart disease	II	NCT04019184
		AKI after cardiac surgery	II	NCT02838979
		CKD	II	NCT03113240
		Critical illness	III	NCT02998931
		Atrial fibrillation	II	²¹⁹
Geranylgeranylacetone	Induces HSP production and reduces ROS formation	Gastric ulcers	IV	NCT01190657
		Gastritis	IV	NCT01547559
		Gastric lesion	IV	NCT01397448
		Atrial fibrillation	Preclinical	^18,82
		Cardiac bypass surgery	II	²¹⁸
4-Phenylbutyrate	Chemical chaperone	Cystic fibrosis	II	NCT00590538
	Chemical chaperone	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	II	NCT00107770
	Inhibitor of ER stress	Huntington disease	II	NCT00212316
	Inhibitor of ER stress	Pulmonary tuberculosis	II	NCT01580007
	HDAC inhibitor	Maple syrup urine disease	III	NCT01529060
		Diabetes	IV	NCT00533559
		Urea cycle disorder	III	NCT00947544
		Atrial fibrillation	Preclinical	⁸⁶
Tubastatin, ACY-1215	HDAC6 inhibitor	Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	II	NCT03176472
		Lymphoma	I	NCT02091063
		Breast cancer	I	NCT02632071
		Atrial fibrillation	Preclinical	¹⁹
ABT-888	PARP1 inhibitor	Metastatic breast cancer	II	NCT01009788
		Hepatocellular carcinoma	II	NCT01205828
		Adult solid neoplasm	I	NCT01154426
		Ovarian cancer	II	NCT01113957
		Colorectal cancer	II	NCT01051596
		Atrial fibrillation	Preclinical	²¹
SP600125	JNK inhibitor	Atrial fibrillation	Preclinical	^45,96,117
JNKI-IX	JNK2 inhibitor	Atrial fibrillation	Preclinical	^71–73

AF, atrial fibrillation; AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; JNK, JUN N-terminal kinase; PARP1, poly(ADP-r ibose) polymerase 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SCD, sickle cell disease; TCA, tricarboxylic acid.

Drugs are presented in order of how close they are to clinical use in AF.

Age >70 years.

Currently recruiting.