Table 1.

 List of ocean solutions to climate change modeled under this study with definitions and climate impact mechanism assignments

Solution name	Definition	Climate impact mechanisms
Coastal wetlands protection	The legal protection of carbon-rich mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes, leading to reduced degradation rates and the safeguarding of carbon sinks. This solution secures otherwise vulnerable coastal wetlands whose destruction would be a source of greenhouse gasses.	Carbon avoided emissions and carbon removal
Coastal wetlands restoration	Any process that aims to return a coastal wetlands ecosystem to a preexisting condition, whether or not it was pristine. This includes both natural restoration and human-led recovery of carbon-rich mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes. This solution recovers coastal wetlands ecosystems’ capacity as carbon sinks.	Carbon removal
Macroalgae protection	The legal protection of wild macroalgae forest ecosystems to secure and enhance long-term sequestration of the carbon exported to the deep sea and/or stored in the ocean shelves.	Carbon removal
Macroalgae restoration	Processes or programs designed to return wild macroalgae forest ecosystems to a previous state from a degraded condition in order to enhance long-term sequestration of the carbon exported to the deep sea and/or stored in the ocean shelves.	Carbon removal
Seafloor protection	The legal protection of high in organic carbon seafloor sediments from disturbance by bottom-trawling fishery, leading to reduced carbon emissions from disturbed sediments.	Carbon avoided emissions
Seaweed farming	The culturing, cultivation, and harvesting of different macroalgae species in the ocean area with the purpose of accounting for the long-term sequestration of the carbon naturally exported to the deep sea and/or stored in the ocean shelves (a significant proportion of carbon fixed by macroalgae is photosynthetically released into the water, of which portion gets distributed below the ocean mixing layer).	Carbon removal