Table 5.
Summary of impact of participant exposure, study duration, and adherence in studies that measured muscular strength in older women.
| Study and Duration | PS | # Sets | # Reps (Midpoint of Range) | # Exercises | Participant Exposure Score (Reps X Sets X Exercises) | Total Sessions (Times/Wk x Total # Weeks) | Total Minutes (# Sessions x Minutes/Session) | Adherence | 1RM Bench or Chest Press | 1RM Bicep Curl (or >timed curl) | >1RM Knee Extension | >1RM Leg Press | Other Strength Measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short-length studies (<12 wks) | |||||||||||||
| dos Santos [33] | 5 | 3 | 10 | 8 | 240 | 24 | ? | ≥85% | x | x | x | x | |
| Nabuco [43] | 2 | 3 | 10 | 8 | 240 | 24 | ? | ? | High PRO | Total strength > high PRO | |||
| Medium-length studies (≥12 to <24 wks) | |||||||||||||
| Aguiar [21] | 7 | 2 | 12.5 | 8 | 200 | 36 | 2160 | ? | x | x | x | ||
| Barbalho [22] | 4 | 3.75 | 10 | 8 | 240 | 24 | ? | 95% | x | x | x | ||
| Correa [28] | 5 | 3 | ? | 3 lower body | ? | 36 | ? | x | >muscle activation | ||||
| Cunha [29] | 4 | 2 | 12.5 | 8 | 100 LV or 300 HV | 36 | 540 LV or 1620 HV | ≥85% | x | x | |||
| Daly [30] | 4 | 3 | 9 | 7 | 189 | 48 | 2880 | 89% | NS diff in muscle strength. Why? Adherence was good | ||||
| de Resende-Netro [31] | 5 | 2 | 9 | 8 | 144 | 36 | 1620 | ? | Functional and trad RT > strength | ||||
| Francis [35] | 4 | 3.5 | 12 | 9 | 378 | 36 | 1908 | 82–86% | >in PRO + RT | ||||
| Gualano [37] | 6 | 2 | 10 | 7 | 175 | 60 | ? | ≥84% | >1RM bench press in RT + CR | >1RM Leg Press in RT + CR | |||
| Kim [38] | 4 | 1 | 8 | varying | ? | 24 | ? | 70–80% | >only in EX + AA | ||||
| Letieri [39] | 6 | 4 | ? | High or low blood flow occlusion | H: 112 or L: 240 | 48 | 2160 | ? | Isokinetic torque of KE (R/L) and LC higher in both groups | ||||
| Nabuco [42] | 5 | 3 | 10 | 8 | 240 | 36 | ? | ? | >WP vs. PLA | >WP vs. PLA | >total strength in WP vs. PLA | ||
| Nabuco [44] | 6 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 192 | 36 | ? | ? | Both> | Both> | Both> | Both > total strength | |
| Rabelo [46] | 4 | 3 | 10 | 10 | 300 | 72 | 4320 | ≥85% | RT > KE peak torque | ||||
| Radaelli [47] | 3 | 2 | 14.5 | 10 | L: 145 H: 435 |
26 | L: 585 H: 1430 |
1RM KE > both grps | Muscle activation > both grps | ||||
| Ramirez-Campillo [49] | 4 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 192 | 36 | ? | ? | High and low spd > strength | ||||
| Ramirez-Campillo [50] | 4 | 3 | 8 | 8 | 2x = 192 3x = 128 |
2x = 24 3x = 36 |
2x = 1440 3x = 2160 |
? | > isometric hand grip strength | ||||
| Ribeiro [51] | 4 | 3 | 11.5 | 8 | 300 | 96 | ? | ≥85% | Both pyramid and constant training > | ||||
| Ribeiro [52] | 5 | 3 | 10 | 8 | 240 | 48 | ? | ≥85% | Both pyramid and trad > | Both pyramid and trad > | Both pyramid and trad > | ||
| Strandberg [54] | 4 | 3 | 13.5 | 7 | 283.5 | 48 | ? | ? | RT+HD and RT > vs. CTL | ||||
| Sugihara [56] | 5 | 3 | 10 | 8 | 240 | 36 | 1800 | ? | Both > WP > PLA | Both > WP > PLA | Both > WP > PLA | ||
| Tiggeman [57] | 4 | 2 | 12 | 6 | 144 | 24 | ? | ? | Both > KE | Both > LP | |||
1RM = 1-repetition maximum; AA = amino acid; CON or CTL = control group; CR = Creatine; FFM = fat-free mass; HV = high volume; KE = knee extension; LBM = lean body mass; LC = leg curl; LV = low volume; NS = non-significant changes; PLA = placebo; PRO = protein; PS = PEDRO Score; RT = resistance training; WP = whey protein.