Table 2.

Medicinal plants used to treat skin burns.

Family name	Plant species [voucher no.]	Vernacular name	Parts used	Method of preparation and application	FC	Recorded literature for ethnomedicinal uses in Morocco	Recorded literature for ethnomedicinal uses worldwide
Agavaceae	Agave sisalana L. [RAB1371]	Sabra	Mucilage	The mucilaginous extract of the fresh leaves is applied as a poultice on burns.	0.98	Skin diseases [29] and eczema [30]	ND
Amaryllidaceae	Narcissus poeticus [RAB1371]	Narjis	Flowers	The flower powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.44	ND	ND
Anacardiaceae	Pistacia atlantica Desf. [RAB1372]	Drou	Barks	The bark powder is sprinkled on burns.	0.61	Diabetes [31, 32], allergy, digestive ailments, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes [33], digestive ailments, respiratory ailments, urogenital affections [34, 35], abdominal colic [36], obesity, and hair care [37]	ND
Apiaceae	Ammi visnaga L. [RAB12423]	Bachnikha	Fruits	The powder of the fruits is sprinkled on burns.	0.38	ND	ND
	Daucus carota L. [RAB109243]	Khizzu	Roots	The juice extracted from the roots is used as a compress to clean burns.	0.22	Diabetes [32, 38], stomach disorders [29], helminthiasis [39], urinary infections [40, 41], and burns [3, 30]	Burns, skin toner [42], eczema [43]
Apocynaceae	Nerium oleander L. [RAB18820]	Defla	Leaves	The powder of leaves is sprinkled on burns.	0.87	ND	ND
Aristolochiaceae	Aristolochia paucinervis [RAB18821]	Baraztam	Leaves	The leaf powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.54	Urogenital affections [34], dermatological and digestive ailments, and rheumatology [44]	ND
Asteraceae	Artemisia herba-alba Asso., [RAB109244]	Chih	Leaves	The leaf powder is mixed with honey and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.71	ND	ND
	Insula viscosa (L.) Ait. [RAB109244]	Terklan	Roots	The powder of roots is sprinkled on burns.	0.11	Diabetes, digestive system, cancer, and skin diseases [29]	ND
	Conyza canadensis L. [RAB109244]	Elatassa	Leaves	The leaf powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.19	Skin diseases [29]	ND
	Cynara humilis [RAB79161]	Timta	Roots	The powder of roots is sprinkled on burns.	0.12	Burns [36]	ND
	Atractylis resinifera L. [RAB79162]	Addad	Roots	The root powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.27	Skin abscesses and warts [30, 39]	ND
	Calendula arvensis L. [RAB14312]	Zwiwl	Flowers	The flower powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.18	ND	ND
	Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter [RAB14314]	Magraman	Leaves	The powder of leaves is sprinkled directly on burns.	0.33	Diabetes [32], digestive system [40], bronchitis [45] burns, wounds, abscesses [30], urogenital affections, fever, rheumatology, and digestive system [34]	ND
	Matricaria chamomilla [RAB15115]	Babounj	Flowers	The flower powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.46	Diabetes [19, 32, 38, 45], digestive system, dermocosmetology [33, 35], antineuralgic, febrifuge, antispastic of digestive organs, emmenagogue, reduced allergy [37, 46], neuralgia, anxiety, insomnia, spasmolytic, and wounds [39, 40]	ND
Brassicaceae	Lepidium sativum L. [RAB14317]	Habb rchad	Seeds	The powder of the seeds is sprinkled on the burns.	0.73	Diabetes [19, 38, 45], chronic diseases [47], cardiovascular diseases [33], bronchitis, cold, cough [45], eczema, skin ulcers and warts, stomach aches, anemia [30], and asthma [36, 48]	ND
Boraginaceae	Borago officinalis L. [RAB14318]	Lsan tour	Leaves	The latex extracted from the leaves is applied as a poultice to the burns.	0.8	Diabetes [45], anti-inflammatory, nervousness, respiratory canals, skin diseases [29, 40], colds, fever, diuretic, and laxative [39]	ND
Cannabaceae	Cannabis sativa L. [RAB14319]	Kif	Leaves	Burning leaves are sprinkled on burns.	0.16	Narcotics, skin diseases, and hair strengthening [30, 41, 49, 50] [40]	ND
Capparaceae	Capparis spinosa L. [RAB97161]	Lekbar	Seeds	The powder of the seeds is sprinkled on burns.	0.28	ND	ND
Cistaceae	Cistus monspeliensis [RAB97162]	Chteppa	Leaves	The leaves are applied as a poultice to burns.	0.29	Wounds [49], respiratory diseases [45], and diabetes [51]	ND
Cupressaceae	Tetraclinis articulata Benth. [RAB18717]	Al'Araâr	Leaves	The powder of the leaves is sprinkled directly on the burns.	0.91	ND	ND
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia sp. [RAB18717]	Loubina	Latex	The latex extracted is applied as a poultice to burns.	0.2	Skin diseases and cytotoxicity [29, 30]	ND
	Ricinus communis [RAB18718]	Alkharwaa	Seeds	The powder of the seeds is sprinkled on burns.	0.13	Toxic [29], diabetes [52], digestive system [40], skin diseases [30, 35], headache [36], antipyretic, rheumatism, diarrhea, laxative [53], fever [54], and hair care [44, 51]	ND
Fabaceae	Trigonella foenum-graecum L. [RAB24117]	Lhelba	Seeds	The seed powder is mixed with rose oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.89	ND	ND
	Lupinus albus L., [RAB21118]	Termes	Seeds	The seed powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on the burns.	0.51	ND	ND
Gentianaceae	Centaurium erythraea [RAB22415]	Kassat lahya	Flowers	The flower powder is sprinkled on burns.	0.22	Diabetes [38, 45, 55], skin diseases [49], allergy, increasing energy [33], digestive system, and kidney diseases [29, 44]	ND
Juncaceae	Juncus acutus L. [RAB47241]	Assmar	Latex	The extracted latex is applied as a poultice to burns.	0.14	Skin diseases [29].	ND
Lamiaceae	Marrubium vulgare L. [RAB47249]	Mriwt	Leaves	The leaf powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.26	ND	ND
	Mentha pulegium L.	Flio	Leaves	The leaf powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.39	ND	ND
	Salvia verbenaca [RAB109218]	Khiyyata	Leaves	The leaf powder is sprinkled on burns.	0.46	Cardiac disease, diabetes [45], respiratory and rheumatologic conditions [34], abdominal colic, cold, fever [36], and wounds [56]	Wound healing [57], wounds [58], antiseptic on wounds [42], skin inflammations, and bacterial infections of the skin [59]
	Lavandula angustifolia [RAB109229]	Lakhzama	Leaves	The leaf powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.29	Diabetes [38], digestive system [40, 44], and burns [3]	Dermatitis, furuncle, abscess, wart [60], wound healing [61].
Leguminosae	Retama raetam (Forssk.) [RAB109231]	Rtem	Leaves	The leaf powder is mixed with honey and sprinkled on the burns.	0.32	Skin diseases, toxic [29], and diabetes [32]	ND
Liliaceae	Urginea maritima L. [RAB23142]	Bessal lanssal	Bulb	The bulbs triturated in butter are applied as a poultice to burns.	0.11	Cattle ailments, skin disorders [29], abscesses, alopecia, sedative, hemorrhoids [30], and digestive system [44]	ND
Linaceae	Linum usitatissimum [RAB109227]	Zariat lktan	Seeds	The seed powder is sprinkled on burns.	0.78	Diabetes [30, 62], asthma [47], renal disease [50], laxative, diuretic, and vermifuge [39]	Skin burns [63], wound healing [43], dermatological infections [58, 64], healing skin [42]
Lythraceae	Lawsonia inermis L. [RAB109226]	Lehana	Leaves	The leaf powder is sprinkled on burns.	0.112	Wounds, dermatoses [56], burns, eczema, mycosis, boils, abscesses, chapped skin, antiseptic, healing wounds [3], eczema [30], diabetes [32], and dermocosmetology [41]	Wound healing [65], eczema [66], wrinkled skin, abscess [67]
	Punica granatum [RAB109230]	Raman	Pericarp	Fruit pericarp powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.54	Diabetes [30, 47, 50], stomach disorders [49], diabetes, digestive system [29, 41], eczema [39], and wounds [36].	ND
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [RAB9318]	Al' Kalitouss	Leaves	The leaf powder is sprinkled on burns.	0.16	ND	ND
	Myrtus communis L. [RAB49621]	Arraihan	Leaves	The leaf powder is mixed with rose oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.5	Diabetes [30, 45], cardiac disease, hypertension, [49], cardiac weakness, and digestive system [29]	ND
Oleaceae	Olea europaea L. var. oleaster [RAB51120]	Zabouj	Leaves	The essential oil is applied as a poultice on burns.	0.25	Nervousness and anthelmintic [29]	ND
Papaveraceae	Papaver rhoeas L. [RAB51218]	Belaaman	Flowers	The flower powder is mixed with honey and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.9	Urogenital affections, hair care [34], against fever, sleep troubles and asthma [68], cold, antimicrobial [37], asthma, cough, improving breath, sedative, skin diseases [36], fever [30], and diabetes [19]	ND
Pinaceae	Pinus halepensis L. [RAB93519]	Taydâ	Barks	The bark powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.37	Against toothache [49] and tuberculosis [39, 41]	ND
Plantaginaceae	Plantago coronopus L. [RAB109241]	Massassa	Stems	The fruit stems are sprinkled on the burns.	0.12	Abscess and skin diseases [29]	ND
Rosaceae	Prunus armeniaca L. [RAB41111]	Machmach	Seeds	The seed powder is mixed with olive oil and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.9	Diabetes [30], face care [39], and aphrodisiac [41]	ND
Rosaceae	Rosa centifolia L. [RAB41113]	Lward	Flowers	The essential oil is applied as a poultice on burns.	0.52	Cosmetic and skin face [29]	ND
Rosaceae	Alchemilla vulgaris [RAB41114]	Gdam sbaâ	Leaves	The powder of leaves is sprinkled on the burns.	0.17	ND	ND
Zingiberaceae	Curcuma longa L. [RAB41118]	Lkharkoum	Roots	The root powder is mixed with honey and applied as a poultice on burns.	0.89	As a condiment, tonic, calefacient, and digestive [39], digestive stimulant, for blood diseases, and against amnesia [41]	ND
Zygophyllaceae	Peganum harmala L. [RAB41116]	Lharmel	Seeds	The powder of seeds is sprinkled on the burns.	0.25	Induce abortion [69], diabetes [32, 38, 69, 70], hair care [30, 53, 56], spasmolytic and anthelmintic [39], toxic, sedative, nervous system disorders, rheumatism, decrease lipids [37], abdominal colic, induce abortion, anti‑spasmodic, cold, diarrhea, eczema, hemorrhoids, jaundice, rheumatism, women sterility, and wounds [36]	ND

ND : not determined FC explained in the manuscript : Frequency of Citation.