Table 1.
Population characteristics of adult subjects included in the review
| Study | N (male/female) | Participants | Race/country | Age (yearsa) | Body weight (kga) |
Subject characteristics | Type of infection | Route |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matsumoto et al. [53] | 44 (34/10) | Patients | Japan | 70.6 ± 10.3 | 57.1 ± 13.2 | Adult patients | NA | IV/PO |
| Sasaki et al. [67] | 50 (36/14) | Patients | Japan | 69.1 ± 12.8 | 57.3 ± 12.1 | Adult patients | NA | IV/PO |
| Tsuji et al. [33] | 81 (51/30) | Patients | Japan | 69 [5, 8–81] |
53.2 [21–99.5] |
Pediatric and adult patients |
Sepsis (32%) Wound, skin, and soft tissue (31%) Pneumonia (17%) Abscess (10%) Osteomyelitis (7.5%) Undetermined (2.5%) |
IV/PO |
| Crass et al. [19] | 603 (409/194) | Patients |
Black (11.4%) Caucasian (82.1%) Other (6.5%) |
62 ± 15 | 76 ± 19 | Adult patients from routine therapeutic drug monitoring with various degrees of renal dysfunction | NA | IV/PO |
|
Zhang et al. [70] |
45 (39/6) | Patients | China |
47 [5, 24, 27–64] |
65.5 [45.5–95] |
Adult patients with liver disease | Proven or probable Gram-positive infection | IV |
| Xie et al. [34] | 15 (9/6) | Patients | China | 64.5 [56.2–71] | 123.37 ± 16.77 | Obese adult patients diagnosed with MRSA pneumonia admitted to ICU | Proven or probable MRSA infection | IV |
| Soraluce et al. [71] |
No CRRT: 17 (13/4) CRRT: 23 (16/7) |
Patients | Spain |
No CRRT: 72 (22–85) CRRT: 68 (37–79) |
No CRRT: 71 [8, 13, 24, 51, 53, 58–88] CRRT: 74 [8, 9, 13, 24, 51, 53–101] |
Critically ill adult patients with or without CRRT | Probable Gram-positive infection | IV |
|
Wang et al. [72] |
117 (34/83) | Patients | China |
62 [5, 19–86] |
63 [43.8–115.0] |
Critically ill adult patients |
Proven or probable Gram-positive infection: Pneumonia (76%) Intra-abdominal infections (6%) CNS infection (4%) SST infections (3%) Bloodstream infections (2%) Bone and joint infections (1%) |
IV |
| Alghamdi et al. [73] | 104 (78/26) | Patients |
Brazil (18.3%) Georgia (66.3%) USA (15.4%) |
37.8 ± 16.3 | 61.4 ± 11.7 | Adult patients routinely treated with linezolid | Pulmonary TB | PO |
| Töpper et al. [37] | 20 (10/10) | Patients | Germany | 74 [5, 23–82] |
70 [43–131] |
Adult patients admitted to surgical and medical ICU |
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (38.9%) Intra-abdominal infection (38.9%) CAP (11.1%) UTI (11.1%) |
IV |
| Swoboda et al. [66] |
Septic: 5 (4/1) |
Patients | Germany | 68.6 ± 4.2 | 88.8 ± 9.1 | Critically ill septic patients with or without extended dialysis admitted to surgical ICU | MRSA or VRE post-surgical infection | IV |
|
Septic + ED: 10 (6/4) |
57.2 ± 11.9 | 97.4 ± 19.4 | ||||||
| Fiaccadori et al. [65] | 15 (7/8) | Patients | Italy | 72.3 ± 10.6 | 69.5 ± 13.4 | Critically ill patients with acute or chronic renal failure needing RRT | NA | IV |
| Wicha et al. [69] |
LiMAx <100b: 11 (5/6) |
Patients | Germany | 72.5 ± 17 | NA | Adult patients admitted to surgical ICU with or without liver dysfunction | NA | IV |
|
LiMAx = 100–199b: 14 (7/7) |
66.5 ± 10.7 | |||||||
|
LiMAx = 200–299b: 9 (6/3) |
61.3 ±15.7 | |||||||
|
LiMAx >299b: 17 (13/4) |
57.6 ± 8.9 | |||||||
| Abe et al. [64] | 455 (265/190) | Patients | Japanese (12.1%) Caucasian (87.9%) | 58.6 ± 18.6 | 73.1 ± 2 4.4 | Caucasian and Japanese patients from phase II/III studies |
Streptococcus pneumoniae CAP (12.1%) Gram-positive SST infection (20.7%) Gram-positive bacteriemia (34.1%) VRE UTI, SST infection, peritonitis, or bacteriemia (13.1%) MRSA pneumonia, SST infection, or sepsis (20%) |
IV/PO |
| Keel et al. [68] | 8 (7/1) | Healthy subjects | USA | 28 ± 8 | 67.1 ± 13.7 | Healthy patients with cystic fibrosis with mild-to-moderate lung disease | NA | IV/PO |
| Whitehouse et al. [62] | 26 (17/9) | Patients | UK | 59.5 [5, 17–82] | NA | Critically ill adult patients |
Proven or suspected Gram-positive infection: Bacteraemia (13.5%) Wound infection (36.7%) Lower respiratory tract infection (40.8%) Pancreatic abscess (6.4%) UTI (2.6%) |
IV |
| Plock et al. [63] | 34 (NA) | 24 patients/10 healthy subjects | Austria and Germany | NA | NA | Critically ill adult patients and healthy subjects | NA | IV/PO |
| Boak et al. [18] | 41 (25/16) | Patients | Australia and USA | NA | NA | Hospitalized adult patients | NA | IV/PO |
| Imperial et al. [86] | 88 (46/42) | Patients |
South Africa Black (83%) White (1%) Mixed race (25%) |
35 (17–60) | NA | Adult outpatients | XDR pulmonary tuberculosis | PO |
| Fang et al. [85] | 152 (99/53) | Patients | China | 65 [5, 8, 13–92] | 64.3 ± 15.8 | Hospitalized adult patients | Confirmed or suspected Gram-positive infection | IV/PO |
| Ide et al. [74] | Preserved renal function: 8 (NA) | Patients | Japan | 65.1 ± 14.5 | 57.8 ± 7.54 | Septic adult patients with preserved renal function, renal dysfunction or on CRRT |
Respiratory tract infection (62.5%) Bacteriemia (12.5%) Mediastinitis (12.5%) Other (12.5%) |
IV |
| Renal dysfunction: 9 (NA) | 74.3 ± 11.3 | 53.4 ± 10.2 |
Respiratory tract infection (44.4%) Bacteriemia (11.1%) Mediastinitis (11.1%) Other (33.3%) |
|||||
| CRRT: 10 (NA) | 60.2 ± 16.1 | 58.7 ± 15.7 |
Respiratory tract infection (50%) Bacteriemia (20%) Septic arthritis (20%) Other (10%) |
|||||
| Tietjen et al. [76] | 43 (23/20) | Patients | Italy |
33 [5, 14–76] |
61 [8, 24, 30–86] |
Adult outpatients | Proven MDR-TB | PO |
| Tsuji et al. [75] | 14 (9/5) | Patients | Japan |
67 (42–84) |
53.4 (32.5–69.7) | Low body weight adult patients with renal dysfunction | MRSA infection | IV |
| Abdelwahab et al. [58] | 124 (63/61) | Patients |
South Africa Black (74.2%) Mixed race (24.2%) White (1.6%) |
34.3 ± 10.7 | 56.4 ± 9.8 | Adult patients with high prevalence of HIV |
MDR-TB (7.3%) Pre-XDR-TB (34.6%) XDR-TB (58.1%) |
PO |
| Minichmayr et al. [77] | 51 (32/19) | 10 Healthy subjects/41 patients |
Austria Germany USA |
61 [5, 23–74] |
69.5 [48.1–123] |
Critically ill, diabetic patients with foot infections, patients with diagnosed cystic fibrosis, and healthy adult patients |
Patients with sepsis (45.1%) Patients with diabetic foot infection (19.6%) Patients with cystic fibrosis (15.7%) Healthy volunteers (19.6%) |
IV/PO |
| Taubert et al. [78] | 52 (33/19) | Patients | Germany |
58 [5, 24, 27–80] |
76 [8, 9, 13, 24, 42–109] |
Critically ill adult patients |
Pneumonia (67%) Peritonitis (17%) Other (16%) |
IV/PO |
| Ehmann et al. [79] | 30 (4/26) | Patients | Germany |
Obese: 52 [24, 28–61] Non-obese: 50 [24, 29–60] |
Obese: 121 [96–230] Non-obese: 65 [24, 50–80] |
Obese (50%) and non-obese (50%) surgical adult patients | NA | IV |
| Blackman et al. [80] | 11 (6/5) | Patients | USA | 59.6 ± 13 |
141.3 [99.9–188.8] |
Critically ill obese adult patients | Severe SST infection (81.8% necrotizing fasciitis) | IV |
CAP community-acquired pneumonia, CRRT continuous renal replacement therapies, DR drug-resistant, ED extended dialysis, ICU intensive care unit, IAI intra-abdominal infection, IV intravenous route, LiMAx maximal liver function capacity, MDR multidrug-resistant, MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, NA not available, PO oral route, RRT renal replacement therapies, TB tuberculosis, SST skin and soft tissue, UTI urinary tract infection, VRE vancomycin-resistant enterococci, XDR extensively drug-resistant
aValues are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, mean (range) or median [range]
bNumber of samples in each LiMAx group and sex